JWT enhancements for desktop (#5742)

# Description of Changes

This is temporary solution which will be enhanced in future

---

## Checklist

### General

- [ ] I have read the [Contribution
Guidelines](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)
- [ ] I have read the [Stirling-PDF Developer
Guide](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/devGuide/DeveloperGuide.md)
(if applicable)
- [ ] I have read the [How to add new languages to
Stirling-PDF](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/devGuide/HowToAddNewLanguage.md)
(if applicable)
- [ ] I have performed a self-review of my own code
- [ ] My changes generate no new warnings

### Documentation

- [ ] I have updated relevant docs on [Stirling-PDF's doc
repo](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-Tools.github.io/blob/main/docs/)
(if functionality has heavily changed)
- [ ] I have read the section [Add New Translation
Tags](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/devGuide/HowToAddNewLanguage.md#add-new-translation-tags)
(for new translation tags only)

### Translations (if applicable)

- [ ] I ran
[`scripts/counter_translation.py`](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/docs/counter_translation.md)

### UI Changes (if applicable)

- [ ] Screenshots or videos demonstrating the UI changes are attached
(e.g., as comments or direct attachments in the PR)

### Testing (if applicable)

- [ ] I have tested my changes locally. Refer to the [Testing
Guide](https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/blob/main/devGuide/DeveloperGuide.md#6-testing)
for more details.

app/common/src/main/java/stirling/software/common/constants/JwtConstants.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package stirling.software.common.constants;
+
+/**
+ * Centralized constants for JWT token management.
+ *
+ * <p>These defaults are used when configuration values are not explicitly set.
+ */
+public final class JwtConstants {
+
+    private JwtConstants() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Utility class");
+    }
+
+    /** Default JWT access token lifetime in minutes (24 hours). */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES = 1440;
+
+    /** Default desktop client token lifetime in minutes (30 days). */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_DESKTOP_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES = 43200;
+
+    /**
+     * Default refresh grace period in minutes.
+     *
+     * <p>Allows refresh of expired tokens within this window after expiration.
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_REFRESH_GRACE_MINUTES = 15;
+
+    /**
+     * Default allowed clock skew in seconds.
+     *
+     * <p>Tolerates small time drift between client and server clocks during validation.
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_CLOCK_SKEW_SECONDS = 60;
+
+    /** Milliseconds per minute. */
+    public static final long MILLIS_PER_MINUTE = 60_000L;
+
+    /** Seconds per minute. */
+    public static final long SECONDS_PER_MINUTE = 60L;
+
+    /** JWT issuer identifier. */
+    public static final String ISSUER = "https://stirling.com";
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum refresh attempts allowed within the grace period window.
+     *
+     * <p>Prevents abuse of expired tokens by limiting refresh attempts.
+     */
+    public static final int MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE = 3;
+}

app/common/src/main/java/stirling/software/common/model/ApplicationProperties.java

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 
 import stirling.software.common.configuration.InstallationPathConfig;
 import stirling.software.common.configuration.YamlPropertySourceFactory;
+import stirling.software.common.constants.JwtConstants;
 import stirling.software.common.model.exception.UnsupportedProviderException;
 import stirling.software.common.model.oauth2.GitHubProvider;
 import stirling.software.common.model.oauth2.GoogleProvider;
@@ -393,12 +394,107 @@ public class ApplicationProperties {
             }
         }
 
+        /**
+         * JWT token configuration.
+         *
+         * <p><b>BREAKING CHANGE (v2.0):</b> Default token expiry increased from 12 hours (720
+         * minutes) to 24 hours (1440 minutes). If you require the previous behavior, explicitly set
+         * {@code tokenExpiryMinutes: 720} in your configuration.
+         */
         @Data
         public static class Jwt {
             private boolean enableKeystore = true;
             private boolean enableKeyRotation = false;
             private boolean enableKeyCleanup = true;
-            private int keyRetentionDays = 7;
+
+            /**
+             * JWT access token lifetime in minutes for web clients.
+             *
+             * <p>Default: {@value JwtConstants#DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES} minutes (24 hours).
+             *
+             * <p><b>BREAKING CHANGE:</b> Previously hardcoded to 720 minutes (12 hours). Now
+             * defaults to 1440 minutes (24 hours).
+             */
+            private int tokenExpiryMinutes = JwtConstants.DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES;
+
+            /**
+             * JWT access token lifetime in minutes for desktop clients (Tauri app).
+             *
+             * <p>Desktop clients are automatically detected via User-Agent header and receive
+             * longer-lived tokens because they run on personal devices with OS-level encrypted
+             * storage (macOS Keychain, Windows Credential Manager, Linux Secret Service).
+             *
+             * <p>This provides better UX (login once per month) while maintaining security through
+             * device encryption and secure storage, matching the behavior of popular desktop apps
+             * like Slack, Discord, VS Code, etc.
+             *
+             * <p>Default: 43200 minutes (30 days).
+             */
+            private int desktopTokenExpiryMinutes = 43200;
+
+            /**
+             * Allowed clock skew in seconds for JWT validation.
+             *
+             * <p>Tolerates small time drift between client and server clocks. Tokens that are
+             * slightly expired or slightly in the future (within this window) will still be
+             * accepted.
+             *
+             * <p>Default: {@value JwtConstants#DEFAULT_CLOCK_SKEW_SECONDS} seconds.
+             */
+            private int allowedClockSkewSeconds = JwtConstants.DEFAULT_CLOCK_SKEW_SECONDS;
+
+            /**
+             * Grace period in minutes for refreshing expired tokens.
+             *
+             * <p>Allows token refresh using an expired access token if the token expired within
+             * this many minutes. This provides better UX by allowing users to refresh slightly
+             * expired tokens without re-authentication.
+             *
+             * <p>Rate limiting is applied to prevent abuse of expired tokens within the grace
+             * window (max {@value JwtConstants#MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE} attempts).
+             *
+             * <p>Default: {@value JwtConstants#DEFAULT_REFRESH_GRACE_MINUTES} minutes.
+             */
+            private int refreshGraceMinutes = JwtConstants.DEFAULT_REFRESH_GRACE_MINUTES;
+
+            /**
+             * Calculate number of days to retain old JWT signing keys.
+             *
+             * <p>Automatically calculated based on the longest token lifetime plus a proportional
+             * safety buffer. Keys must be retained for at least as long as the tokens they signed
+             * remain valid, otherwise token verification will fail.
+             *
+             * <p>Formula: ceil((maxTokenExpiry + 10% buffer + refreshGrace + clockSkew) / 1440)
+             *
+             * <p>The buffer includes:
+             *
+             * <ul>
+             *   <li>10% of token lifetime (scales with token duration)
+             *   <li>Token refresh grace period ({@link #refreshGraceMinutes})
+             *   <li>Clock skew tolerance ({@link #allowedClockSkewSeconds} converted to minutes)
+             * </ul>
+             *
+             * @return calculated key retention period in days
+             */
+            public int getKeyRetentionDays() {
+                final int MINUTES_PER_DAY = 1440;
+                final double BUFFER_PERCENTAGE = 0.10; // 10% buffer
+
+                int maxTokenExpiryMinutes = Math.max(tokenExpiryMinutes, desktopTokenExpiryMinutes);
+
+                // Add 10% buffer (scales with token lifetime)
+                int bufferMinutes = (int) Math.ceil(maxTokenExpiryMinutes * BUFFER_PERCENTAGE);
+
+                // Add refresh grace period
+                bufferMinutes += refreshGraceMinutes;
+
+                // Add clock skew (convert seconds to minutes, round up)
+                bufferMinutes += (int) Math.ceil(allowedClockSkewSeconds / 60.0);
+
+                // Total retention in minutes, convert to days (round up)
+                int totalMinutes = maxTokenExpiryMinutes + bufferMinutes;
+                return (int) Math.ceil(totalMinutes / (double) MINUTES_PER_DAY);
+            }
         }
 
         @Data

app/core/src/main/java/stirling/software/SPDF/service/PdfJsonFallbackFontService.java

@@ -426,7 +426,8 @@ public class PdfJsonFallbackFontService {
             String normalized =
                     WHITESPACE_PATTERN
                             .matcher(
-                                    PATTERN.matcher(originalFontName).replaceAll("") // Remove subset prefix
+                                    PATTERN.matcher(originalFontName)
+                                            .replaceAll("") // Remove subset prefix
                                             .toLowerCase())
                             .replaceAll(""); // Remove spaces (e.g. "Times New Roman" ->
             // "timesnewroman")

app/core/src/main/resources/settings.yml.template

@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ security:
     persistence: true # Set to 'true' to enable JWT key store
     enableKeyRotation: true # Set to 'true' to enable key pair rotation
     enableKeyCleanup: true # Set to 'true' to enable key pair cleanup
-    keyRetentionDays: 7 # Number of days to retain old keys. The default is 7 days.
+    tokenExpiryMinutes: 1440 # JWT access token lifetime in minutes for web clients (1 day).
+    desktopTokenExpiryMinutes: 43200 # JWT access token lifetime in minutes for desktop clients (30 days). 
+    allowedClockSkewSeconds: 60 # Allowed JWT validation clock skew in seconds to tolerate small client/server time drift.
+    refreshGraceMinutes: 15 # Allow refresh using an expired access token only within this many minutes after expiry.
   validation: # PDF signature validation settings
     trust:
       serverAsAnchor: true # Trust server certificate as anchor for PDF signatures (if configured and self-signed or CA)

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/configuration/CacheConfig.java

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package stirling.software.proprietary.security.configuration;
 
 import java.time.Duration;
 
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.cache.CacheManager;
 import org.springframework.cache.annotation.EnableCaching;
 import org.springframework.cache.caffeine.CaffeineCacheManager;
@@ -11,15 +11,22 @@ import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
 
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine;
 
+import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
+
 @Configuration
 @EnableCaching
 public class CacheConfig {
 
-    @Value("${security.jwt.keyRetentionDays}")
-    private int keyRetentionDays;
+    private final ApplicationProperties applicationProperties;
+
+    @Autowired
+    public CacheConfig(ApplicationProperties applicationProperties) {
+        this.applicationProperties = applicationProperties;
+    }
 
     @Bean
     public CacheManager cacheManager() {
+        int keyRetentionDays = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getJwt().getKeyRetentionDays();
         CaffeineCacheManager cacheManager = new CaffeineCacheManager();
         cacheManager.setCaffeine(
                 Caffeine.newBuilder()

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/configuration/SecurityConfiguration.java

@@ -361,7 +361,8 @@ public class SecurityConfiguration {
                                                     securityProperties.getOauth2(),
                                                     userService,
                                                     jwtService,
-                                                    licenseSettingsService))
+                                                    licenseSettingsService,
+                                                    applicationProperties))
                                     .failureHandler(new CustomOAuth2AuthenticationFailureHandler())
                                     // Add existing Authorities from the database
                                     .userInfoEndpoint(

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/controller/api/AuthController.java

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 
+import stirling.software.common.constants.JwtConstants;
 import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.audit.AuditEventType;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.audit.AuditLevel;
@@ -34,12 +35,15 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.AuthenticationType;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.User;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.api.user.MfaCodeRequest;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.api.user.UsernameAndPassMfa;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.exception.AuthenticationFailureException;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.CustomUserDetailsService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.JwtServiceInterface;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.LoginAttemptService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.MfaService;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.RefreshRateLimitService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.TotpService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.UserService;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.util.DesktopClientUtils;
 
 /** REST API Controller for authentication operations. */
 @RestController
@@ -55,7 +59,9 @@ public class AuthController {
     private final LoginAttemptService loginAttemptService;
     private final MfaService mfaService;
     private final TotpService totpService;
+    private final RefreshRateLimitService refreshRateLimitService;
     private final ApplicationProperties.Security securityProperties;
+    private final ApplicationProperties applicationProperties;
 
     /**
      * Login endpoint - replaces Supabase signInWithPassword
@@ -171,16 +177,52 @@ public class AuthController {
             claims.put("authType", AuthenticationType.WEB.toString());
             claims.put("role", user.getRolesAsString());
 
-            String token = jwtService.generateToken(user.getUsername(), claims);
+            // Detect desktop client and issue longer-lived tokens for better UX
+            // Desktop apps run on personal devices with OS-level encryption (secure storage)
+            boolean isDesktopClient = DesktopClientUtils.isDesktopClient(httpRequest);
+            String token;
+            int keyRetentionDays = securityProperties.getJwt().getKeyRetentionDays();
+            if (isDesktopClient) {
+                // Desktop: Use configured desktop token expiry (default 30 days)
+                int desktopExpiryMinutes =
+                        DesktopClientUtils.getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(applicationProperties);
+                token = jwtService.generateToken(user.getUsername(), claims, desktopExpiryMinutes);
+                log.info(
+                        "Issued DESKTOP token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d), keyRetention={}d",
+                        username,
+                        desktopExpiryMinutes,
+                        desktopExpiryMinutes / 1440,
+                        keyRetentionDays);
+            } else {
+                // Web: Use configured web expiry (default 24 hours)
+                token = jwtService.generateToken(user.getUsername(), claims);
+                int webExpiryMinutes =
+                        DesktopClientUtils.getWebTokenExpiryMinutes(applicationProperties);
+                log.info(
+                        "Issued WEB token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d), keyRetention={}d",
+                        username,
+                        webExpiryMinutes,
+                        webExpiryMinutes / 1440,
+                        keyRetentionDays);
+            }
 
             // Record successful login
             loginAttemptService.loginSucceeded(username);
-            log.info("Login successful for user: {} from IP: {}", username, ip);
+            log.info(
+                    "Login successful for user: {} from IP: {} (desktop: {})",
+                    username,
+                    ip,
+                    isDesktopClient);
 
             return ResponseEntity.ok(
                     Map.of(
                             "user", buildUserResponse(user),
-                            "session", Map.of("access_token", token, "expires_in", 3600)));
+                            "session",
+                                    Map.of(
+                                            "access_token",
+                                            token,
+                                            "expires_in",
+                                            getTokenExpirySeconds(isDesktopClient))));
 
         } catch (UsernameNotFoundException e) {
             String username = request.getUsername();
@@ -272,25 +314,92 @@ public class AuthController {
                         .body(Map.of("error", "No token found"));
             }
 
-            jwtService.validateToken(token);
-            String username = jwtService.extractUsername(token);
+            // Generate token hash for rate limiting (avoid storing actual tokens)
+            String tokenHash = generateTokenHash(token);
+
+            Map<String, Object> claims = jwtService.extractClaimsAllowExpired(token);
+            if (!isRefreshWithinGrace(claims)) {
+                log.warn("Token refresh rejected: token expired beyond configured grace window");
+                return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+                        .body(Map.of("error", "Token refresh failed"));
+            }
+
+            // Only apply rate limiting if token is actually expired (not for valid tokens)
+            // This prevents false-positive 429 errors with multiple tabs, retries, etc.
+            long expMillis = extractEpochMillis(claims.get("exp"));
+            boolean isExpired = expMillis > 0 && expMillis < System.currentTimeMillis();
+            if (isExpired
+                    && !refreshRateLimitService.isRefreshAllowed(
+                            tokenHash, getRefreshGraceMillis())) {
+                log.warn(
+                        "Token refresh rejected: rate limit exceeded (max {} attempts allowed)",
+                        JwtConstants.MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE);
+                return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS)
+                        .body(
+                                Map.of(
+                                        "error",
+                                        "Too many refresh attempts",
+                                        "max_attempts",
+                                        JwtConstants.MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE));
+            }
+
+            Object usernameClaim = claims.get("sub");
+            String username = usernameClaim != null ? usernameClaim.toString() : null;
+            if (username == null || username.isBlank()) {
+                log.warn("Token refresh rejected: missing subject claim");
+                return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+                        .body(Map.of("error", "Token refresh failed"));
+            }
 
             UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);
             User user = (User) userDetails;
 
-            Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
-            claims.put("authType", user.getAuthenticationType());
-            claims.put("role", user.getRolesAsString());
+            Map<String, Object> newClaims = new HashMap<>();
+            newClaims.put("authType", user.getAuthenticationType());
+            newClaims.put("role", user.getRolesAsString());
 
-            String newToken = jwtService.generateToken(username, claims);
+            // Detect desktop client and issue longer-lived tokens
+            boolean isDesktopClient = DesktopClientUtils.isDesktopClient(request);
+            String newToken;
+            if (isDesktopClient) {
+                int desktopExpiryMinutes =
+                        DesktopClientUtils.getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(applicationProperties);
+                newToken = jwtService.generateToken(username, newClaims, desktopExpiryMinutes);
+                log.info(
+                        "Refreshed DESKTOP token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d)",
+                        username,
+                        desktopExpiryMinutes,
+                        desktopExpiryMinutes / 1440);
+            } else {
+                newToken = jwtService.generateToken(username, newClaims);
+                int webExpiryMinutes =
+                        DesktopClientUtils.getWebTokenExpiryMinutes(applicationProperties);
+                log.info(
+                        "Refreshed WEB token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d)",
+                        username,
+                        webExpiryMinutes,
+                        webExpiryMinutes / 1440);
+            }
+
+            // Don't clear rate limit tracking - let it expire naturally after grace period
+            // This prevents reusing the same expired token indefinitely
 
             log.debug("Token refreshed for user: {}", username);
 
             return ResponseEntity.ok(
                     Map.of(
                             "user", buildUserResponse(user),
-                            "session", Map.of("access_token", newToken, "expires_in", 3600)));
+                            "session",
+                                    Map.of(
+                                            "access_token",
+                                            newToken,
+                                            "expires_in",
+                                            getTokenExpirySeconds(isDesktopClient))));
 
+        } catch (AuthenticationFailureException e) {
+            log.warn("Token refresh failed: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+                    .body(Map.of("error", "Token refresh failed"));
         } catch (Exception e) {
             log.error("Token refresh error", e);
             return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
@@ -532,6 +641,95 @@ public class AuthController {
         return userMap;
     }
 
+    private long getTokenExpirySeconds() {
+        int configuredMinutes = securityProperties.getJwt().getTokenExpiryMinutes();
+        int expiryMinutes =
+                configuredMinutes > 0
+                        ? configuredMinutes
+                        : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES;
+        return expiryMinutes * JwtConstants.SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
+    }
+
+    private long getTokenExpirySeconds(boolean isDesktop) {
+        if (isDesktop) {
+            // Desktop: use configured desktop token expiry
+            return DesktopClientUtils.getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(applicationProperties)
+                    * JwtConstants.SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
+        }
+        // Web: use configured web value
+        return getTokenExpirySeconds();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isRefreshWithinGrace(Map<String, Object> claims) {
+        long expMillis = extractEpochMillis(claims.get("exp"));
+        if (expMillis <= 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (expMillis >= now) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        long expiredForMillis = now - expMillis;
+        return expiredForMillis <= getRefreshGraceMillis();
+    }
+
+    private long getRefreshGraceMillis() {
+        int configuredMinutes = securityProperties.getJwt().getRefreshGraceMinutes();
+        int graceMinutes =
+                configuredMinutes >= 0
+                        ? configuredMinutes
+                        : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_REFRESH_GRACE_MINUTES;
+        return graceMinutes * JwtConstants.MILLIS_PER_MINUTE;
+    }
+
+    private long extractEpochMillis(Object claimValue) {
+        if (claimValue == null) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+
+        if (claimValue instanceof java.util.Date date) {
+            return date.getTime();
+        }
+
+        if (claimValue instanceof Number number) {
+            long epochSeconds = number.longValue();
+            return epochSeconds * 1000L;
+        }
+
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a hash of the token for rate limiting purposes.
+     *
+     * <p>Uses SHA-256 to avoid storing actual token values in memory.
+     *
+     * @param token the JWT token
+     * @return hex-encoded SHA-256 hash of the token
+     */
+    private String generateTokenHash(String token) {
+        try {
+            java.security.MessageDigest digest = java.security.MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
+            byte[] hashBytes =
+                    digest.digest(token.getBytes(java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder();
+            for (byte b : hashBytes) {
+                String hex = Integer.toHexString(0xff & b);
+                if (hex.length() == 1) {
+                    hexString.append('0');
+                }
+                hexString.append(hex);
+            }
+            return hexString.toString();
+        } catch (java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+            // Fallback to hashCode if SHA-256 is not available (should never happen)
+            log.warn("SHA-256 not available, using hashCode for token tracking", e);
+            return String.valueOf(token.hashCode());
+        }
+    }
+
     private ResponseEntity<?> ensureWebAuth(User user) {
         if (!AuthenticationType.WEB.name().equalsIgnoreCase(user.getAuthenticationType())) {
             return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN)

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandler.java

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.AuthenticationType;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.JwtServiceInterface;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.LoginAttemptService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.UserService;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.util.DesktopClientUtils;
 
 @Slf4j
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ public class CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandler
     private final JwtServiceInterface jwtService;
     private final stirling.software.proprietary.service.UserLicenseSettingsService
             licenseSettingsService;
+    private final ApplicationProperties applicationProperties;
 
     @Override
     @Audited(type = AuditEventType.USER_LOGIN, level = AuditLevel.BASIC)
@@ -150,9 +152,27 @@ public class CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandler
 
                 // Generate JWT if v2 is enabled
                 if (jwtService.isJwtEnabled()) {
-                    String jwt =
-                            jwtService.generateToken(
-                                    authentication, Map.of("authType", AuthenticationType.OAUTH2));
+                    Map<String, Object> claims = Map.of("authType", AuthenticationType.OAUTH2);
+
+                    // Detect desktop client and issue longer-lived tokens
+                    boolean isDesktopClient = DesktopClientUtils.isDesktopClient(request);
+                    String jwt;
+                    if (isDesktopClient) {
+                        // Desktop: Use configured desktop token expiry (default 30 days)
+                        int desktopExpiryMinutes =
+                                DesktopClientUtils.getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(
+                                        applicationProperties);
+                        jwt = jwtService.generateToken(username, claims, desktopExpiryMinutes);
+                        log.info(
+                                "Issued DESKTOP OAuth2 token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d)",
+                                username,
+                                desktopExpiryMinutes,
+                                desktopExpiryMinutes / 1440);
+                    } else {
+                        // Web: Use default expiry
+                        jwt = jwtService.generateToken(authentication, claims);
+                        log.debug("Issued WEB OAuth2 token for user '{}'", username);
+                    }
 
                     // Build context-aware redirect URL based on the original request
                     String redirectUrl =

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/saml2/CustomSaml2AuthenticationSuccessHandler.java

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.oauth2.TauriOAuthUtils;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.JwtServiceInterface;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.LoginAttemptService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.UserService;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.util.DesktopClientUtils;
 
 @AllArgsConstructor
 @Slf4j
@@ -191,10 +192,27 @@ public class CustomSaml2AuthenticationSuccessHandler
 
                     // Generate JWT if v2 is enabled
                     if (jwtService.isJwtEnabled()) {
-                        String jwt =
-                                jwtService.generateToken(
-                                        authentication,
-                                        Map.of("authType", AuthenticationType.SAML2));
+                        Map<String, Object> claims = Map.of("authType", AuthenticationType.SAML2);
+
+                        // Detect desktop client and issue longer-lived tokens
+                        boolean isDesktopClient = DesktopClientUtils.isDesktopClient(request);
+                        String jwt;
+                        if (isDesktopClient) {
+                            // Desktop: Use configured desktop token expiry (default 30 days)
+                            int desktopExpiryMinutes =
+                                    DesktopClientUtils.getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(
+                                            applicationProperties);
+                            jwt = jwtService.generateToken(username, claims, desktopExpiryMinutes);
+                            log.info(
+                                    "Issued DESKTOP SAML token for user '{}': expiry={}min ({}d)",
+                                    username,
+                                    desktopExpiryMinutes,
+                                    desktopExpiryMinutes / 1440);
+                        } else {
+                            // Web: Use default expiry
+                            jwt = jwtService.generateToken(authentication, claims);
+                            log.debug("Issued WEB SAML token for user '{}'", username);
+                        }
 
                         // Build context-aware redirect URL based on the original request
                         String redirectUrl =

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/service/JwtService.java

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import java.security.PublicKey;
 import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -19,6 +20,9 @@ import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
 import org.springframework.security.oauth2.core.user.OAuth2User;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.ExpiredJwtException;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts;
@@ -30,6 +34,8 @@ import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 
+import stirling.software.common.constants.JwtConstants;
+import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.JwtVerificationKey;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.exception.AuthenticationFailureException;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.saml2.CustomSaml2AuthenticatedPrincipal;
@@ -38,18 +44,20 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.saml2.CustomSaml2AuthenticatedPrin
 @Service
 public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
 
-    private static final String ISSUER = "https://stirling.com";
-    private static final long EXPIRATION = 43200000;
+    private static final ObjectMapper OBJECT_MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
 
     private final KeyPersistenceServiceInterface keyPersistenceService;
     private final boolean v2Enabled;
+    private final ApplicationProperties.Security securityProperties;
 
     @Autowired
     public JwtService(
             @Qualifier("v2Enabled") boolean v2Enabled,
-            KeyPersistenceServiceInterface keyPersistenceService) {
+            KeyPersistenceServiceInterface keyPersistenceService,
+            ApplicationProperties applicationProperties) {
         this.v2Enabled = v2Enabled;
         this.keyPersistenceService = keyPersistenceService;
+        this.securityProperties = applicationProperties.getSecurity();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -84,9 +92,10 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
                     Jwts.builder()
                             .claims(claims)
                             .subject(username)
-                            .issuer(ISSUER)
+                            .issuer(JwtConstants.ISSUER)
                             .issuedAt(new Date())
-                            .expiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + EXPIRATION))
+                            .expiration(
+                                    new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + getExpirationMillis()))
                             .signWith(keyPair.getPrivate(), Jwts.SIG.RS256);
 
             String keyId = activeKey.getKeyId();
@@ -100,6 +109,40 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public String generateToken(String username, Map<String, Object> claims, int expiryMinutes) {
+        try {
+            JwtVerificationKey activeKey = keyPersistenceService.getActiveKey();
+            Optional<KeyPair> keyPairOpt = keyPersistenceService.getKeyPair(activeKey.getKeyId());
+
+            if (keyPairOpt.isEmpty()) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Unable to retrieve key pair for active key");
+            }
+
+            KeyPair keyPair = keyPairOpt.get();
+            long customExpirationMillis = expiryMinutes * JwtConstants.MILLIS_PER_MINUTE;
+
+            var builder =
+                    Jwts.builder()
+                            .claims(claims)
+                            .subject(username)
+                            .issuer(JwtConstants.ISSUER)
+                            .issuedAt(new Date())
+                            .expiration(
+                                    new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + customExpirationMillis))
+                            .signWith(keyPair.getPrivate(), Jwts.SIG.RS256);
+
+            String keyId = activeKey.getKeyId();
+            if (keyId != null) {
+                builder.header().keyId(keyId);
+            }
+
+            return builder.compact();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to generate token with custom expiry", e);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void validateToken(String token) throws AuthenticationFailureException {
         extractAllClaims(token);
@@ -114,12 +157,23 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
         return extractClaim(token, Claims::getSubject);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public String extractUsernameAllowExpired(String token) {
+        return extractClaim(token, Claims::getSubject, true);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public Map<String, Object> extractClaims(String token) {
         Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token);
         return new HashMap<>(claims);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public Map<String, Object> extractClaimsAllowExpired(String token) {
+        Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token, true);
+        return new HashMap<>(claims);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public boolean isTokenExpired(String token) {
         return extractExpiration(token).before(new Date());
@@ -130,11 +184,21 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
     }
 
     private <T> T extractClaim(String token, Function<Claims, T> claimsResolver) {
-        final Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token);
+        final Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token, false);
+        return claimsResolver.apply(claims);
+    }
+
+    private <T> T extractClaim(
+            String token, Function<Claims, T> claimsResolver, boolean allowExpired) {
+        final Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token, allowExpired);
         return claimsResolver.apply(claims);
     }
 
     private Claims extractAllClaims(String token) {
+        return extractAllClaims(token, false);
+    }
+
+    private Claims extractAllClaims(String token, boolean allowExpired) {
         try {
             String keyId = extractKeyId(token);
             KeyPair keyPair;
@@ -176,11 +240,12 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
             } else {
                 log.debug("No key ID in token header, trying all available keys");
                 // Try all available keys when no keyId is present
-                return tryAllKeys(token);
+                return tryAllKeys(token, allowExpired);
             }
 
             return Jwts.parser()
                     .verifyWith(keyPair.getPublic())
+                    .clockSkewSeconds(getAllowedClockSkewSeconds())
                     .build()
                     .parseSignedClaims(token)
                     .getPayload();
@@ -191,7 +256,13 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
             log.warn("Invalid token: {}", e.getMessage());
             throw new AuthenticationFailureException("Invalid token", e);
         } catch (ExpiredJwtException e) {
-            log.warn("The token has expired: {}", e.getMessage());
+            if (allowExpired) {
+                log.debug(
+                        "Extracting claims from expired token (allowed for refresh grace period): {}",
+                        e.getMessage());
+                return e.getClaims();
+            }
+            log.warn("Token validation failed - token has expired: {}", e.getMessage());
             throw new AuthenticationFailureException("The token has expired", e);
         } catch (UnsupportedJwtException e) {
             log.warn("The token is unsupported: {}", e.getMessage());
@@ -202,7 +273,8 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
         }
     }
 
-    private Claims tryAllKeys(String token) throws AuthenticationFailureException {
+    private Claims tryAllKeys(String token, boolean allowExpired)
+            throws AuthenticationFailureException {
         // First try the active key
         try {
             JwtVerificationKey activeKey = keyPersistenceService.getActiveKey();
@@ -210,9 +282,18 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
                     keyPersistenceService.decodePublicKey(activeKey.getVerifyingKey());
             return Jwts.parser()
                     .verifyWith(publicKey)
+                    .clockSkewSeconds(getAllowedClockSkewSeconds())
                     .build()
                     .parseSignedClaims(token)
                     .getPayload();
+        } catch (ExpiredJwtException e) {
+            if (allowExpired) {
+                log.debug(
+                        "Extracting claims from expired token (allowed for refresh grace period)");
+                return e.getClaims();
+            }
+            log.warn("Token validation failed - token has expired");
+            throw new AuthenticationFailureException("The token has expired", e);
         } catch (SignatureException
                 | NoSuchAlgorithmException
                 | InvalidKeySpecException activeKeyException) {
@@ -230,9 +311,15 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
                                     verificationKey.getVerifyingKey());
                     return Jwts.parser()
                             .verifyWith(publicKey)
+                            .clockSkewSeconds(getAllowedClockSkewSeconds())
                             .build()
                             .parseSignedClaims(token)
                             .getPayload();
+                } catch (ExpiredJwtException e) {
+                    if (allowExpired) {
+                        return e.getClaims();
+                    }
+                    throw new AuthenticationFailureException("The token has expired", e);
                 } catch (SignatureException
                         | NoSuchAlgorithmException
                         | InvalidKeySpecException e) {
@@ -266,24 +353,51 @@ public class JwtService implements JwtServiceInterface {
         return v2Enabled;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Extract key ID from JWT header without validating the token.
+     *
+     * <p>Parses the Base64-encoded JWT header to retrieve the "kid" (key ID) claim. Returns null if
+     * the header cannot be parsed or does not contain a key ID.
+     *
+     * @param token the JWT token
+     * @return the key ID, or null if not found or parsing fails
+     */
     private String extractKeyId(String token) {
         try {
-            PublicKey signingKey =
-                    keyPersistenceService.decodePublicKey(
-                            keyPersistenceService.getActiveKey().getVerifyingKey());
+            String[] tokenParts = token.split("\\.");
+            if (tokenParts.length < 2) {
+                log.debug(
+                        "Token does not have enough parts (expected at least 2, got {})",
+                        tokenParts.length);
+                return null;
+            }
 
-            String keyId =
-                    (String)
-                            Jwts.parser()
-                                    .verifyWith(signingKey)
-                                    .build()
-                                    .parse(token)
-                                    .getHeader()
-                                    .get("kid");
-            return keyId;
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            log.debug("Failed to extract key ID from token header: {}", e.getMessage());
+            byte[] headerBytes = Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(tokenParts[0]);
+            Map<String, Object> header =
+                    OBJECT_MAPPER.readValue(
+                            headerBytes, new TypeReference<Map<String, Object>>() {});
+            Object keyId = header.get("kid");
+            return keyId instanceof String ? (String) keyId : null;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            log.debug("Failed to decode Base64 JWT header: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return null;
+        } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
+            log.debug("Failed to parse JWT header as JSON: {}", e.getMessage());
             return null;
         }
     }
+
+    private long getExpirationMillis() {
+        int configuredMinutes = securityProperties.getJwt().getTokenExpiryMinutes();
+        int expiryMinutes =
+                configuredMinutes > 0
+                        ? configuredMinutes
+                        : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES;
+        return expiryMinutes * JwtConstants.MILLIS_PER_MINUTE;
+    }
+
+    private long getAllowedClockSkewSeconds() {
+        int configuredSeconds = securityProperties.getJwt().getAllowedClockSkewSeconds();
+        return configuredSeconds >= 0 ? configuredSeconds : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_CLOCK_SKEW_SECONDS;
+    }
 }

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/service/JwtServiceInterface.java

@@ -25,6 +25,16 @@ public interface JwtServiceInterface {
      */
     String generateToken(String username, Map<String, Object> claims);
 
+    /**
+     * Generate a JWT token for a specific username with custom expiry
+     *
+     * @param username the username for which to generate the token
+     * @param claims additional claims to include in the token
+     * @param expiryMinutes custom token lifetime in minutes
+     * @return JWT token as a string
+     */
+    String generateToken(String username, Map<String, Object> claims, int expiryMinutes);
+
     /**
      * Validate a JWT token
      *
@@ -41,6 +51,15 @@ public interface JwtServiceInterface {
      */
     String extractUsername(String token);
 
+    /**
+     * Extract username from JWT token while allowing expired tokens. Signature and token structure
+     * must still be valid.
+     *
+     * @param token the JWT token
+     * @return username extracted from token
+     */
+    String extractUsernameAllowExpired(String token);
+
     /**
      * Extract all claims from JWT token
      *
@@ -49,6 +68,15 @@ public interface JwtServiceInterface {
      */
     Map<String, Object> extractClaims(String token);
 
+    /**
+     * Extract all claims from JWT token while allowing expired tokens. Signature and token
+     * structure must still be valid.
+     *
+     * @param token the JWT token
+     * @return map of claims
+     */
+    Map<String, Object> extractClaimsAllowExpired(String token);
+
     /**
      * Check if token is expired
      *

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/service/KeyPersistenceService.java

@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import java.security.PrivateKey;
 import java.security.PublicKey;
+import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateCrtKey;
 import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
 import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
+import java.security.spec.RSAPublicKeySpec;
 import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.JwtVerificationKey;
 public class KeyPersistenceService implements KeyPersistenceServiceInterface {
 
     public static final String KEY_SUFFIX = ".key";
+    public static final String PUB_KEY_SUFFIX = ".pub";
 
     private final ApplicationProperties.Security.Jwt jwtProperties;
     private final CacheManager cacheManager;
@@ -59,19 +62,119 @@ public class KeyPersistenceService implements KeyPersistenceServiceInterface {
     @PostConstruct
     public void initializeKeystore() {
         if (!isKeystoreEnabled()) {
+            log.info("JWT keystore is disabled - keys will be generated in memory");
             return;
         }
 
         try {
             ensurePrivateKeyDirectoryExists();
-            loadKeyPair();
+            loadExistingKeysFromDisk();
         } catch (Exception e) {
             log.error("Failed to initialize keystore, using in-memory generation", e);
         }
     }
 
-    private void loadKeyPair() {
-        if (activeKey == null) {
+    /**
+     * Load all existing JWT keys from disk into memory on startup.
+     *
+     * <p>This ensures tokens signed with previous keys remain valid after server restart. If no
+     * keys exist on disk, generates a new keypair.
+     */
+    private void loadExistingKeysFromDisk() {
+        try {
+            Path keyDirectory = Paths.get(InstallationPathConfig.getPrivateKeyPath());
+
+            if (!Files.exists(keyDirectory)) {
+                log.info("No existing keys found, generating new keypair");
+                generateAndStoreKeypair();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            List<Path> keyFiles;
+            try (var stream = Files.list(keyDirectory)) {
+                keyFiles =
+                        stream.filter(path -> path.toString().endsWith(KEY_SUFFIX))
+                                .sorted(
+                                        (a, b) ->
+                                                b.getFileName().compareTo(a.getFileName())) // Most
+                                // recent
+                                // first
+                                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+            }
+
+            if (keyFiles.isEmpty()) {
+                log.info("No existing keys found in directory, generating new keypair");
+                generateAndStoreKeypair();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            log.info("Loading {} existing JWT keys from disk", keyFiles.size());
+            int loadedCount = 0;
+
+            for (Path keyFile : keyFiles) {
+                try {
+                    String keyId = keyFile.getFileName().toString().replace(KEY_SUFFIX, "");
+
+                    // Load private key first
+                    PrivateKey privateKey = loadPrivateKey(keyId);
+
+                    // Try to load public key, or generate it from private key if missing
+                    // (migration)
+                    String encodedPublicKey;
+                    try {
+                        encodedPublicKey = loadPublicKey(keyId);
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        // Public key file doesn't exist - generate it from private key (migration)
+                        log.info("Migrating legacy key: generating public key file for {}", keyId);
+                        KeyPair keyPair = reconstructKeyPair(privateKey);
+
+                        // Save the public key file
+                        Path publicKeyFile = keyDirectory.resolve(keyId + PUB_KEY_SUFFIX);
+                        encodedPublicKey = encodePublicKey(keyPair.getPublic());
+                        Files.writeString(publicKeyFile, encodedPublicKey);
+                        publicKeyFile.toFile().setReadable(true, true);
+                        publicKeyFile.toFile().setWritable(true, true);
+                        publicKeyFile.toFile().setExecutable(false, false);
+
+                        log.info("Successfully migrated key: {}", keyId);
+                    }
+
+                    // Create verification key and add to cache
+                    JwtVerificationKey verifyingKey =
+                            new JwtVerificationKey(keyId, encodedPublicKey);
+                    verifyingKeyCache.put(keyId, verifyingKey);
+                    loadedCount++;
+
+                    // Set the most recent key as active (first in sorted list)
+                    if (activeKey == null) {
+                        activeKey = verifyingKey;
+                        log.info("Set active JWT signing key: {}", keyId);
+                    } else {
+                        log.debug(
+                                "Loaded historical JWT key: {} (created: {})",
+                                keyId,
+                                verifyingKey.getCreatedAt());
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    log.warn(
+                            "Failed to load key: {}, skipping. Error: {}",
+                            keyFile.getFileName(),
+                            e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (loadedCount == 0) {
+                log.warn("No valid keys could be loaded from disk, generating new keypair");
+                generateAndStoreKeypair();
+            } else {
+                log.info(
+                        "Successfully loaded {} JWT keys, active key: {}",
+                        loadedCount,
+                        activeKey.getKeyId());
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            log.error("Failed to load keys from disk, generating new keypair", e);
             generateAndStoreKeypair();
         }
     }
@@ -84,10 +187,11 @@ public class KeyPersistenceService implements KeyPersistenceServiceInterface {
             KeyPair keyPair = generateRSAKeypair();
             String keyId = generateKeyId();
 
-            storePrivateKey(keyId, keyPair.getPrivate());
+            storeKeyPair(keyId, keyPair);
             verifyingKey = new JwtVerificationKey(keyId, encodePublicKey(keyPair.getPublic()));
             verifyingKeyCache.put(keyId, verifyingKey);
             activeKey = verifyingKey;
+            log.info("Generated and stored new JWT keypair: {}", keyId);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             log.error("Failed to generate and store keypair", e);
         }
@@ -200,16 +304,43 @@ public class KeyPersistenceService implements KeyPersistenceServiceInterface {
         }
     }
 
-    private void storePrivateKey(String keyId, PrivateKey privateKey) throws IOException {
-        Path keyFile =
-                Paths.get(InstallationPathConfig.getPrivateKeyPath()).resolve(keyId + KEY_SUFFIX);
-        String encodedKey = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(privateKey.getEncoded());
-        Files.writeString(keyFile, encodedKey);
+    /**
+     * Store both private and public keys to disk.
+     *
+     * <p>Private key stored as: keyId.key
+     *
+     * <p>Public key stored as: keyId.pub
+     */
+    private void storeKeyPair(String keyId, KeyPair keyPair) throws IOException {
+        Path keyDirectory = Paths.get(InstallationPathConfig.getPrivateKeyPath());
 
-        // Set read/write to only the owner
-        keyFile.toFile().setReadable(true, true);
-        keyFile.toFile().setWritable(true, true);
-        keyFile.toFile().setExecutable(false, false);
+        // Store private key
+        Path privateKeyFile = keyDirectory.resolve(keyId + KEY_SUFFIX);
+        String encodedPrivateKey =
+                Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(keyPair.getPrivate().getEncoded());
+        Files.writeString(privateKeyFile, encodedPrivateKey);
+
+        // Set read/write to only the owner (security)
+        privateKeyFile.toFile().setReadable(true, true);
+        privateKeyFile.toFile().setWritable(true, true);
+        privateKeyFile.toFile().setExecutable(false, false);
+
+        // Store public key
+        Path publicKeyFile = keyDirectory.resolve(keyId + PUB_KEY_SUFFIX);
+        String encodedPublicKey =
+                Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(keyPair.getPublic().getEncoded());
+        Files.writeString(publicKeyFile, encodedPublicKey);
+
+        // Public key can be more permissive but still restrict to owner
+        publicKeyFile.toFile().setReadable(true, true);
+        publicKeyFile.toFile().setWritable(true, true);
+        publicKeyFile.toFile().setExecutable(false, false);
+
+        log.debug(
+                "Stored keypair to disk: {} (private: {}, public: {})",
+                keyId,
+                privateKeyFile.getFileName(),
+                publicKeyFile.getFileName());
     }
 
     private PrivateKey loadPrivateKey(String keyId)
@@ -229,6 +360,53 @@ public class KeyPersistenceService implements KeyPersistenceServiceInterface {
         return keyFactory.generatePrivate(keySpec);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Load public key from disk.
+     *
+     * @param keyId the key identifier
+     * @return Base64-encoded public key string
+     * @throws IOException if the public key file is not found
+     */
+    private String loadPublicKey(String keyId) throws IOException {
+        Path publicKeyFile =
+                Paths.get(InstallationPathConfig.getPrivateKeyPath())
+                        .resolve(keyId + PUB_KEY_SUFFIX);
+
+        if (!Files.exists(publicKeyFile)) {
+            throw new IOException("Public key not found: " + publicKeyFile);
+        }
+
+        return Files.readString(publicKeyFile).trim();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconstruct a KeyPair from a PrivateKey.
+     *
+     * <p>For RSA keys, derives the public key from the private key.
+     *
+     * @param privateKey the RSA private key
+     * @return reconstructed KeyPair
+     * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if RSA algorithm is not available
+     * @throws InvalidKeySpecException if the key specification is invalid
+     */
+    private KeyPair reconstructKeyPair(PrivateKey privateKey)
+            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeySpecException {
+        // For RSA, we can derive the public key from the private key
+        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
+
+        // Get the private key spec
+        RSAPrivateCrtKey rsaPrivateKey = (RSAPrivateCrtKey) privateKey;
+
+        // Create public key spec from private key parameters
+        RSAPublicKeySpec publicKeySpec =
+                new RSAPublicKeySpec(rsaPrivateKey.getModulus(), rsaPrivateKey.getPublicExponent());
+
+        // Generate public key
+        PublicKey publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(publicKeySpec);
+
+        return new KeyPair(publicKey, privateKey);
+    }
+
     private String encodePublicKey(PublicKey publicKey) {
         return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(publicKey.getEncoded());
     }

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/service/RefreshRateLimitService.java

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package stirling.software.proprietary.security.service;
+
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+import stirling.software.common.constants.JwtConstants;
+import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
+
+/**
+ * Service to rate limit token refresh attempts within the grace period.
+ *
+ * <p>Prevents abuse of expired tokens by tracking and limiting refresh attempts per token. Tokens
+ * are identified by a hash to avoid storing actual token values.
+ */
+@Service
+@Slf4j
+public class RefreshRateLimitService {
+
+    private final ApplicationProperties.Security.Jwt jwtProperties;
+
+    @Autowired
+    public RefreshRateLimitService(ApplicationProperties applicationProperties) {
+        this.jwtProperties = applicationProperties.getSecurity().getJwt();
+    }
+
+    private static class RefreshAttempt {
+        private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        private final Instant firstAttempt = Instant.now();
+
+        int incrementAndGet() {
+            return count.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        Instant getFirstAttempt() {
+            return firstAttempt;
+        }
+
+        int getCount() {
+            return count.get();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Map<String, RefreshAttempt> attempts = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Check if a refresh attempt is allowed for the given token.
+     *
+     * @param tokenHash hash of the token attempting refresh
+     * @param graceWindowMillis the configured grace window in milliseconds
+     * @return true if refresh is allowed, false if rate limit exceeded
+     */
+    public boolean isRefreshAllowed(String tokenHash, long graceWindowMillis) {
+        RefreshAttempt attempt = attempts.computeIfAbsent(tokenHash, k -> new RefreshAttempt());
+
+        int attemptCount = attempt.incrementAndGet();
+
+        if (attemptCount > JwtConstants.MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE) {
+            log.warn(
+                    "Refresh rate limit exceeded for token (attempt {}). Token hash: {}",
+                    attemptCount,
+                    tokenHash.substring(0, Math.min(8, tokenHash.length())));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Clean up if outside grace window
+        Instant cutoff = Instant.now().minusMillis(graceWindowMillis);
+        if (attempt.getFirstAttempt().isBefore(cutoff)) {
+            attempts.remove(tokenHash);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove tracking for a token after successful refresh.
+     *
+     * @param tokenHash hash of the refreshed token
+     */
+    public void clearRefreshAttempts(String tokenHash) {
+        attempts.remove(tokenHash);
+    }
+
+    /** Clean up expired tracking entries every 5 minutes. */
+    @Scheduled(fixedRate = 300000)
+    public void cleanupExpiredEntries() {
+        // Use configured grace period with same normalization as runtime checks
+        int configuredMinutes = jwtProperties.getRefreshGraceMinutes();
+        int graceMinutes =
+                configuredMinutes >= 0
+                        ? configuredMinutes
+                        : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_REFRESH_GRACE_MINUTES;
+        Instant cutoff = Instant.now().minusMillis(graceMinutes * 60000L);
+        int removed =
+                attempts.entrySet().stream()
+                        .filter(entry -> entry.getValue().getFirstAttempt().isBefore(cutoff))
+                        .mapToInt(
+                                entry -> {
+                                    attempts.remove(entry.getKey());
+                                    return 1;
+                                })
+                        .sum();
+
+        if (removed > 0) {
+            log.debug("Cleaned up {} expired refresh tracking entries", removed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Get current tracking statistics for monitoring. */
+    public Map<String, Object> getStats() {
+        return Map.of(
+                "tracked_tokens",
+                attempts.size(),
+                "max_attempts_allowed",
+                JwtConstants.MAX_REFRESH_ATTEMPTS_IN_GRACE);
+    }
+}

app/proprietary/src/main/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/util/DesktopClientUtils.java

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package stirling.software.proprietary.security.util;
+
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+import stirling.software.common.constants.JwtConstants;
+import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class for detecting desktop clients and determining appropriate token expiry times.
+ *
+ * <p>Desktop clients (Tauri, Electron) receive longer-lived tokens because:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>They run on personal devices (not shared computers)
+ *   <li>Tokens stored in OS-level encrypted keychain (not browser localStorage)
+ *   <li>Better UX (users expect desktop apps to stay logged in)
+ * </ul>
+ */
+@Slf4j
+public class DesktopClientUtils {
+
+    private DesktopClientUtils() {
+        // Utility class - prevent instantiation
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Detect if the request is from a desktop client (Tauri app).
+     *
+     * @param request the HTTP request
+     * @return true if desktop client, false if web browser
+     */
+    public static boolean isDesktopClient(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String userAgent = request.getHeader("User-Agent");
+
+        if (userAgent == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Tauri desktop app includes "Tauri" or "tauri-plugin" in User-Agent
+        // Also check for common desktop app identifiers
+        String userAgentLower = userAgent.toLowerCase();
+        boolean hasTauri = userAgentLower.contains("tauri");
+        boolean hasStirling = userAgentLower.contains("stirlingpdf-desktop");
+        boolean hasElectron = userAgentLower.contains("electron");
+        boolean isDesktop = hasTauri || hasStirling || hasElectron;
+
+        log.debug("Desktop client detection: {} (User-Agent: {})", isDesktop, userAgent);
+
+        return isDesktop;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the configured desktop token expiry time in minutes.
+     *
+     * @param applicationProperties the application properties
+     * @return desktop token expiry in minutes (defaults to 30 days if not configured)
+     */
+    public static int getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes(ApplicationProperties applicationProperties) {
+        int configuredMinutes =
+                applicationProperties.getSecurity().getJwt().getDesktopTokenExpiryMinutes();
+        // If not configured or invalid, default to 30 days (43200 minutes)
+        return configuredMinutes > 0
+                ? configuredMinutes
+                : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_DESKTOP_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the configured web token expiry time in minutes.
+     *
+     * @param applicationProperties the application properties
+     * @return web token expiry in minutes
+     */
+    public static int getWebTokenExpiryMinutes(ApplicationProperties applicationProperties) {
+        int configuredMinutes =
+                applicationProperties.getSecurity().getJwt().getTokenExpiryMinutes();
+        return configuredMinutes > 0
+                ? configuredMinutes
+                : JwtConstants.DEFAULT_TOKEN_EXPIRY_MINUTES;
+    }
+}

app/proprietary/src/test/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/controller/api/AuthControllerLoginTest.java

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilder
 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
 
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.CustomUserDetailsService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.JwtServiceInterface;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.LoginAttemptService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.MfaService;
+import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.RefreshRateLimitService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.TotpService;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.service.UserService;
 
@@ -53,11 +56,17 @@ class AuthControllerLoginTest {
     @Mock private LoginAttemptService loginAttemptService;
     @Mock private MfaService mfaService;
     @Mock private TotpService totpService;
+    @Mock private RefreshRateLimitService refreshRateLimitService;
 
     @BeforeEach
     void setUp() {
         securityProperties = new ApplicationProperties.Security();
         securityProperties.setLoginMethod("all");
+        securityProperties.getJwt().setTokenExpiryMinutes(60);
+        securityProperties.getJwt().setRefreshGraceMinutes(5);
+
+        ApplicationProperties applicationProperties = new ApplicationProperties();
+        applicationProperties.setSecurity(securityProperties);
 
         AuthController controller =
                 new AuthController(
@@ -67,7 +76,9 @@ class AuthControllerLoginTest {
                         loginAttemptService,
                         mfaService,
                         totpService,
-                        securityProperties);
+                        refreshRateLimitService,
+                        securityProperties,
+                        applicationProperties);
         mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(controller).build();
     }
 
@@ -175,7 +186,11 @@ class AuthControllerLoginTest {
     void refreshReturnsNewTokenWhenValid() throws Exception {
         User user = buildUser();
         when(jwtService.extractToken(any())).thenReturn("old");
-        when(jwtService.extractUsername("old")).thenReturn("[email protected]");
+        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
+        claims.put("sub", "[email protected]");
+        claims.put("exp", new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 60_000));
+        when(jwtService.extractClaimsAllowExpired("old")).thenReturn(claims);
+        // Rate limiting is not checked for valid tokens, so no stub needed
         when(userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername("[email protected]")).thenReturn(user);
         when(jwtService.generateToken(eq("[email protected]"), any(Map.class)))
                 .thenReturn("new-token");
@@ -184,7 +199,75 @@ class AuthControllerLoginTest {
                 .andExpect(status().isOk())
                 .andExpect(jsonPath("$.user").exists())
                 .andExpect(jsonPath("$.session.access_token").value("new-token"))
-                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.session.expires_in").value(3600));
+                .andExpect(
+                        jsonPath("$.session.expires_in")
+                                .value(3600)); // 60 minutes * 60 = 3600 seconds
+
+        // clearRefreshAttempts is intentionally not called - tokens expire naturally after grace
+        // period
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshRejectsTokenExpiredBeyondGrace() throws Exception {
+        when(jwtService.extractToken(any())).thenReturn("old");
+        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
+        claims.put("sub", "[email protected]");
+        claims.put(
+                "exp",
+                new Date(
+                        System.currentTimeMillis()
+                                - (10 * 60_000))); // 10 minutes ago, beyond 5 minute grace
+        when(jwtService.extractClaimsAllowExpired("old")).thenReturn(claims);
+
+        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/auth/refresh"))
+                .andExpect(status().isUnauthorized())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Token refresh failed"));
+
+        verify(userDetailsService, never()).loadUserByUsername(any());
+        verify(refreshRateLimitService, never()).isRefreshAllowed(any(), any(Long.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshAcceptsTokenExpiredWithinGrace() throws Exception {
+        User user = buildUser();
+        when(jwtService.extractToken(any())).thenReturn("old");
+        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
+        claims.put("sub", "[email protected]");
+        claims.put(
+                "exp",
+                new Date(
+                        System.currentTimeMillis()
+                                - 60_000)); // 1 minute ago, within 5 minute grace
+        when(jwtService.extractClaimsAllowExpired("old")).thenReturn(claims);
+        when(refreshRateLimitService.isRefreshAllowed(any(), any(Long.class))).thenReturn(true);
+        when(userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername("[email protected]")).thenReturn(user);
+        when(jwtService.generateToken(eq("[email protected]"), any(Map.class)))
+                .thenReturn("new-token");
+
+        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/auth/refresh"))
+                .andExpect(status().isOk())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.session.access_token").value("new-token"));
+
+        // clearRefreshAttempts is intentionally not called - tokens expire naturally after grace
+        // period
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshRejectsWhenRateLimitExceeded() throws Exception {
+        when(jwtService.extractToken(any())).thenReturn("old");
+        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
+        claims.put("sub", "[email protected]");
+        claims.put("exp", new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - 60_000)); // 1 minute ago
+        when(jwtService.extractClaimsAllowExpired("old")).thenReturn(claims);
+        when(refreshRateLimitService.isRefreshAllowed(any(), any(Long.class))).thenReturn(false);
+
+        mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/auth/refresh"))
+                .andExpect(status().isTooManyRequests())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.error").value("Too many refresh attempts"))
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.max_attempts").exists());
+
+        verify(userDetailsService, never()).loadUserByUsername(any());
+        verify(refreshRateLimitService, never()).clearRefreshAttempts(any());
     }
 
     @Test

app/proprietary/src/test/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/oauth2/CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandlerTest.java

@@ -37,13 +37,19 @@ class CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandlerTest {
         oauth2Props.setAutoCreateUser(true);
         oauth2Props.setBlockRegistration(false);
 
+        ApplicationProperties applicationProperties = new ApplicationProperties();
+        ApplicationProperties.Security securityProperties = new ApplicationProperties.Security();
+        securityProperties.setOauth2(oauth2Props);
+        applicationProperties.setSecurity(securityProperties);
+
         CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandler handler =
                 new CustomOAuth2AuthenticationSuccessHandler(
                         loginAttemptService,
                         oauth2Props,
                         userService,
                         jwtService,
-                        licenseSettingsService);
+                        licenseSettingsService,
+                        applicationProperties);
 
         when(userService.usernameExistsIgnoreCase("user")).thenReturn(false);
         when(licenseSettingsService.isOAuthEligible(null)).thenReturn(true);

app/proprietary/src/test/java/stirling/software/proprietary/security/service/JwtServiceTest.java

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
+import stirling.software.common.model.ApplicationProperties;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.JwtVerificationKey;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.User;
 import stirling.software.proprietary.security.model.exception.AuthenticationFailureException;
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
                 Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(testKeyPair.getPublic().getEncoded());
         testVerificationKey = new JwtVerificationKey("test-key-id", encodedPublicKey);
 
-        jwtService = new JwtService(true, keystoreService);
+        ApplicationProperties applicationProperties = new ApplicationProperties();
+        jwtService = new JwtService(true, keystoreService, applicationProperties);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -73,8 +75,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
 
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 
@@ -94,8 +94,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
 
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 
@@ -114,8 +112,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
     void testValidateTokenSuccess() throws Exception {
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn("testuser");
 
@@ -179,8 +175,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
 
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(user);
         when(user.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 
@@ -207,8 +201,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
 
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 
@@ -281,8 +273,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
 
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 
@@ -307,8 +297,6 @@ class JwtServiceTest {
         // First, generate a token successfully
         when(keystoreService.getActiveKey()).thenReturn(testVerificationKey);
         when(keystoreService.getKeyPair("test-key-id")).thenReturn(Optional.of(testKeyPair));
-        when(keystoreService.decodePublicKey(testVerificationKey.getVerifyingKey()))
-                .thenReturn(testKeyPair.getPublic());
         when(authentication.getPrincipal()).thenReturn(userDetails);
         when(userDetails.getUsername()).thenReturn(username);
 

build.gradle

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ springBoot {
 
 allprojects {
     group = 'stirling.software'
-    version = '2.4.5'
+    version = '2.5.0'
 
     configurations.configureEach {
         exclude group: 'commons-logging', module: 'commons-logging'

frontend/public/locales/en-GB/translation.toml

@@ -1236,9 +1236,21 @@ label = "Enable Key Cleanup"
 description = "Automatically rotate JWT signing keys periodically"
 label = "Enable Key Rotation"
 
-[admin.settings.security.jwt.keyRetentionDays]
-description = "Number of days to retain old JWT keys for verification"
-label = "Key Retention Days"
+[admin.settings.security.jwt.tokenExpiryMinutes]
+description = "Access token lifetime in minutes for web clients (default: 1440 = 24 hours)"
+label = "Web Token Expiry (minutes)"
+
+[admin.settings.security.jwt.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes]
+description = "Access token lifetime in minutes for desktop clients. Desktop apps automatically detected via User-Agent and receive longer sessions for better UX (default: 43200 = 30 days)"
+label = "Desktop Token Expiry (minutes)"
+
+[admin.settings.security.jwt.allowedClockSkewSeconds]
+description = "Tolerance for client/server time drift during token validation (default: 60 seconds)"
+label = "Clock Skew Tolerance (seconds)"
+
+[admin.settings.security.jwt.refreshGraceMinutes]
+description = "Allow token refresh within this many minutes after expiry (default: 15 minutes, max 3 attempts)"
+label = "Refresh Grace Period (minutes)"
 
 [admin.settings.security.jwt.persistence]
 description = "Store JWT keys persistently to survive server restarts"

frontend/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "$schema": "../node_modules/@tauri-apps/cli/config.schema.json",
     "productName": "Stirling-PDF",
-    "version": "2.4.6",
+    "version": "2.5.0",
     "identifier": "stirling.pdf.dev",
     "build": {
         "frontendDist": "../dist",

frontend/src/core/testing/serverExperienceSimulations.ts

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ const FREE_LICENSE_INFO: LicenseInfo = {
 
 const BASE_NO_LOGIN_CONFIG: AppConfig = {
   enableAnalytics: true,
-  appVersion: '2.4.6',
+  appVersion: '2.5.0',
   serverCertificateEnabled: false,
   enableAlphaFunctionality: false,
   serverPort: 8080,

frontend/src/desktop/components/SetupWizard/ServerSelection.tsx

@@ -227,6 +227,10 @@ export const ServerSelection: React.FC<ServerSelectionProps> = ({ onSelect, load
               disabled={testing || loading}
               onClick={() => {
                 setCustomUrl(serverUrl);
+                // Auto-submit the form after setting the URL
+                setTimeout(() => {
+                  handleSubmit(new Event('submit') as any);
+                }, 0);
               }}
             >
               {t('setup.server.useLast', 'Last used server: {{serverUrl}}', { serverUrl: serverUrl })}

frontend/src/desktop/extensions/authSessionCleanup.ts

@@ -13,7 +13,17 @@ export async function clearPlatformAuthAfterSignOut(): Promise<void> {
 
 export async function clearPlatformAuthOnLoginInit(): Promise<void> {
   try {
-    await authService.localClearAuth();
+    // Only clear if there's NO token in storage
+    // If token exists, user just logged in and we should keep it
+    const token = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt') : null;
+    console.log('[AuthCleanup] Login init check - token exists:', !!token, 'length:', token?.length || 0);
+
+    if (!token) {
+      console.log('[AuthCleanup] No token found on login init, clearing stale auth data');
+      await authService.localClearAuth();
+    } else {
+      console.log('[AuthCleanup] Token present on login init (length:', token.length, '), skipping cleanup (fresh login)');
+    }
   } catch (err) {
     console.warn('[AuthCleanup] Failed to clear desktop auth data on login init', err);
   }

frontend/src/desktop/extensions/platformSessionBridge.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import { STIRLING_SAAS_URL } from '@app/constants/connection';
+import { connectionModeService } from '@app/services/connectionModeService';
+import { authService } from '@app/services/authService';
+import type { PlatformSessionUser } from '@proprietary/extensions/platformSessionBridge';
+
+export async function isDesktopSaaSAuthMode(): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    const mode = await connectionModeService.getCurrentMode();
+    // Return true for ANY desktop auth mode (SaaS or self-hosted with desktop authService)
+    // This skips redundant backend validation in springAuthClient since desktop authService
+    // already manages the token lifecycle
+    return mode === 'saas' || mode === 'selfhosted';
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function getPlatformSessionUser(): Promise<PlatformSessionUser | null> {
+  try {
+    const userInfo = await authService.getUserInfo();
+    if (!userInfo) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return {
+      username: userInfo.username,
+      email: userInfo.email,
+    };
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function refreshPlatformSession(): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    const mode = await connectionModeService.getCurrentMode();
+    if (mode === 'saas') {
+      return await authService.refreshSupabaseToken(STIRLING_SAAS_URL);
+    } else if (mode === 'selfhosted') {
+      const serverConfig = await connectionModeService.getServerConfig();
+      if (!serverConfig) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return await authService.refreshToken(serverConfig.url);
+    }
+    return false;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Save token to platform-specific secure storage (Tauri store + localStorage)
+ * Called after token refresh to ensure token is synced across all storage locations
+ */
+export async function savePlatformToken(token: string): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    await authService.saveToken(token);
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[PlatformBridge] Failed to save token:', error);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}

frontend/src/desktop/services/apiClientSetup.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ let lastBackendToast = 0;
 interface ExtendedRequestConfig extends InternalAxiosRequestConfig {
   operationName?: string;
   skipBackendReadyCheck?: boolean;
+  skipAuthRedirect?: boolean;
   _retry?: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +56,10 @@ export function setupApiInterceptors(client: AxiosInstance): void {
           // Self-hosted mode: enable credentials for session management
           extendedConfig.withCredentials = true;
 
+          // If another request is already refreshing, wait before attaching token.
+          await authService.awaitRefreshIfInProgress();
           const token = await authService.getAuthToken();
+
           if (token) {
             extendedConfig.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${token}`;
           } else {
@@ -104,9 +108,16 @@ export function setupApiInterceptors(client: AxiosInstance): void {
     },
     async (error) => {
       const originalRequest = error.config as ExtendedRequestConfig;
+      const requestUrl = String(originalRequest?.url || '');
+      const isAuthProbeRequest = requestUrl.includes('/api/v1/auth/me');
 
       // Handle 401 Unauthorized - try to refresh token
       if (error.response?.status === 401 && !originalRequest._retry) {
+        // `/auth/me` is used as a probe by session bootstrap; refreshing here can
+        // create recursion (refresh -> save token -> jwt-available -> /auth/me).
+        if (isAuthProbeRequest) {
+          return Promise.reject(error);
+        }
         if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
           console.warn('[apiClientSetup] 401 on path:', window.location.pathname, 'url:', originalRequest.url);
         }

frontend/src/desktop/services/authService.ts

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ export class AuthService {
   private authStatus: AuthStatus = 'unauthenticated';
   private userInfo: UserInfo | null = null;
   private cachedToken: string | null = null;
+  private lastTokenSaveTime: number = 0;
   private authListeners = new Set<(status: AuthStatus, userInfo: UserInfo | null) => void>();
   private refreshPromise: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
 
@@ -52,52 +53,51 @@ export class AuthService {
   /**
    * Save token to all storage locations and notify listeners
    */
-  private async saveTokenEverywhere(token: string, refreshToken?: string | null): Promise<void> {
+  private async saveTokenEverywhere(
+    token: string,
+    refreshToken?: string | null,
+    emitJwtAvailable = true
+  ): Promise<void> {
     // Validate token before caching
     if (!token || token.trim().length === 0) {
       console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Attempted to save invalid/empty token');
       throw new Error('Invalid token');
     }
 
-    console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] Saving token (length: ${token.length})`);
-
     // Save access token to Tauri secure store (primary)
     try {
       await invoke('save_auth_token', { token });
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token saved to Tauri store');
     } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Failed to save token to Tauri store:', error);
+      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to save token to Tauri store:', error);
       // Don't throw - we can still use localStorage
     }
 
     // Sync to localStorage for web layer (fallback)
     try {
       localStorage.setItem('stirling_jwt', token);
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token saved to localStorage');
     } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Failed to save token to localStorage:', error);
+      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to save token to localStorage:', error);
     }
 
     // Cache the valid token in memory
     this.cachedToken = token;
-    console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token cached in memory');
+    this.lastTokenSaveTime = Date.now();
 
     // Save refresh token if provided (keyring with Tauri Store fallback)
     if (refreshToken) {
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Saving refresh token to secure storage...');
       try {
         await invoke('save_refresh_token', { token: refreshToken });
-        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Refresh token saved to secure storage');
         // Only remove from localStorage after successful save
         localStorage.removeItem('stirling_refresh_token');
       } catch (error) {
-        console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Failed to save refresh token:', error);
+        console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to save refresh token:', error);
       }
     }
 
-    // Notify other parts of the system
-    window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('jwt-available'));
-    console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Dispatched jwt-available event');
+    if (emitJwtAvailable) {
+      // Notify other parts of the system when a brand-new auth session is established.
+      window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('jwt-available'));
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -108,37 +108,21 @@ export class AuthService {
     try {
       const token = await invoke<string | null>('get_auth_token');
       if (token) {
-        console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token found in Tauri store (length: ${token.length})`);
         return token;
       }
-
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ℹ️ No token in Tauri store, checking localStorage...');
     } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Failed to read from Tauri store:', error);
+      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to read from Tauri store:', error);
     }
 
     // Fallback to localStorage
-    const localStorageToken = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
-    if (localStorageToken) {
-      console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token found in localStorage (length: ${localStorageToken.length})`);
-    } else {
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ No token found in any storage');
-    }
-
-    return localStorageToken;
+    return localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
   }
 
   /**
    * Get refresh token from secure storage (keyring or Tauri Store fallback)
    */
   private async getRefreshToken(): Promise<string | null> {
-    const token = await invoke<string | null>('get_refresh_token');
-    if (token) {
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Refresh token retrieved from secure storage');
-    } else {
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] No refresh token in secure storage');
-    }
-    return token;
+    return await invoke<string | null>('get_refresh_token');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -147,19 +131,16 @@ export class AuthService {
   private async clearTokenEverywhere(): Promise<void> {
     // Invalidate cache
     this.cachedToken = null;
-    console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Cache invalidated');
 
     // Best effort: clear Tauri keyring (both access and refresh tokens)
     try {
       await invoke('clear_auth_token');
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Cleared Tauri keyring access token');
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to clear Tauri keyring access token', error);
     }
 
     try {
       await invoke('clear_refresh_token');
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Cleared Tauri keyring refresh token');
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to clear Tauri keyring refresh token', error);
     }
@@ -168,7 +149,6 @@ export class AuthService {
     try {
       localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
       localStorage.removeItem('stirling_refresh_token');
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Cleared localStorage tokens');
     } catch (error) {
       console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to clear localStorage tokens', error);
     }
@@ -268,24 +248,17 @@ export class AuthService {
   }
 
   async login(serverUrl: string, username: string, password: string, mfaCode?: string): Promise<UserInfo> {
-    console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] 🔐 Starting login to: ${serverUrl}`);
-    console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] Username: ${username}`);
-
     try {
       // Validate SaaS configuration if connecting to SaaS
       if (serverUrl === STIRLING_SAAS_URL) {
         if (!STIRLING_SAAS_URL) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ VITE_SAAS_SERVER_URL is not configured');
           throw new Error('VITE_SAAS_SERVER_URL is not configured');
         }
         if (!SUPABASE_KEY) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ VITE_SUPABASE_PUBLISHABLE_DEFAULT_KEY is not configured');
           throw new Error('VITE_SUPABASE_PUBLISHABLE_DEFAULT_KEY is not configured');
         }
       }
 
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Invoking Rust login command...');
-
       // Call Rust login command (bypasses CORS)
       const response = await invoke<LoginResponse>('login', {
         serverUrl,
@@ -298,26 +271,19 @@ export class AuthService {
 
       const { token, username: returnedUsername, email } = response;
 
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Login response received');
-      console.log(`[Desktop AuthService] Username from response: ${returnedUsername || username}`);
-
       // Save token to all storage locations
       try {
-        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Saving token to storage...');
         await this.saveTokenEverywhere(token);
-        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token saved successfully');
       } catch (error) {
-        console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Failed to save token:', error);
+        console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to save token:', error);
         throw new Error('Failed to save authentication token');
       }
 
       // Save user info to store
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Saving user info...');
       await invoke('save_user_info', {
         username: returnedUsername || username,
         email,
       });
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ User info saved');
 
       const userInfo: UserInfo = {
         username: returnedUsername || username,
@@ -326,10 +292,9 @@ export class AuthService {
 
       this.setAuthStatus('authenticated', userInfo);
 
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Login completed successfully');
       return userInfo;
     } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] ❌ Login failed:', error);
+      console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Login failed:', error);
 
       // Provide more detailed error messages based on the error type
       if (error instanceof Error || typeof error === 'string') {
@@ -338,55 +303,46 @@ export class AuthService {
 
         if (errMsg.includes('mfa_required')) {
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Two-factor authentication required');
           throw new AuthServiceError('Two-factor code required.', 'mfa_required');
         }
 
         if (errMsg.includes('invalid_mfa_code')) {
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Invalid two-factor code provided');
           throw new AuthServiceError('Invalid two-factor code.', 'invalid_mfa_code');
         }
 
         // Authentication errors
         if (errMsg.includes('401') || errMsg.includes('unauthorized') || errMsg.includes('invalid credentials')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Authentication failed - invalid credentials');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Invalid username or password. Please check your credentials and try again.');
         }
         // Server not found or unreachable
         else if (errMsg.includes('connection refused') || errMsg.includes('econnrefused')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Server connection refused');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Cannot connect to server. Please check the server URL and ensure the server is running.');
         }
         // Timeout
         else if (errMsg.includes('timeout') || errMsg.includes('timed out')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Login request timed out');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Login request timed out. Please check your network connection and try again.');
         }
         // DNS failure
         else if (errMsg.includes('getaddrinfo') || errMsg.includes('dns') || errMsg.includes('not found') || errMsg.includes('enotfound')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] DNS resolution failed');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Cannot resolve server address. Please check the server URL is correct.');
         }
         // SSL/TLS errors
         else if (errMsg.includes('ssl') || errMsg.includes('tls') || errMsg.includes('certificate') || errMsg.includes('cert')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] SSL/TLS error');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('SSL/TLS certificate error. Server may have an invalid or self-signed certificate.');
         }
         // 404 - endpoint not found
         else if (errMsg.includes('404') || errMsg.includes('not found')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Login endpoint not found');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Login endpoint not found. Please ensure you are connecting to a valid Stirling PDF server.');
         }
         // 403 - security disabled
         else if (errMsg.includes('403') || errMsg.includes('forbidden')) {
-          console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Login disabled on server');
           this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
           throw new Error('Login is not enabled on this server. Please enable security mode (DOCKER_ENABLE_SECURITY=true).');
         }
@@ -398,10 +354,16 @@ export class AuthService {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Public method to save token to all storage locations
+   * Called by springAuthClient after token refresh to sync Tauri store
+   */
+  async saveToken(token: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.saveTokenEverywhere(token, undefined, false);
+  }
+
   async logout(): Promise<void> {
     try {
-      console.log('Logging out');
-
       // Best-effort backend logout so any server-side session/cookies are cleared
       try {
         const currentConfig = await connectionModeService.getCurrentConfig().catch(() => null);
@@ -444,8 +406,6 @@ export class AuthService {
       await invoke('clear_user_info');
 
       this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
-
-      console.log('Logged out successfully');
     } catch (error) {
       console.error('Error during logout:', error);
       // Still set status to unauthenticated even if clear fails
@@ -457,21 +417,31 @@ export class AuthService {
 
   async getAuthToken(): Promise<string | null> {
     try {
-      // Return cached token if available
+      // Check cached token validity before returning
       if (this.cachedToken) {
-        console.debug('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Returning cached token');
-        return this.cachedToken;
+        // Use minimal leeway (5s) for cache validation to avoid excessive invalidation
+        // Health checks run every 5s, so 30s leeway would cause 5-6 unnecessary cache clears
+        // The 30s leeway is used elsewhere for proactive refresh before user operations
+        if (this.isTokenExpiringSoon(this.cachedToken, 5)) {
+          console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] ⚠️ Cached token is expired or expiring soon, invalidating cache');
+          this.cachedToken = null;
+          // Fall through to fetch from storage
+        } else {
+          console.debug('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Returning cached token');
+          return this.cachedToken;
+        }
       }
 
       console.debug('[Desktop AuthService] Cache miss, fetching from storage...');
       const token = await this.getTokenFromAnySource();
 
-      // Cache the token if valid
+      // Cache token if found (backend will validate expiry)
       if (token && token.trim().length > 0) {
         this.cachedToken = token;
         console.log('[Desktop AuthService] ✅ Token cached in memory after retrieval');
+        return token;
       }
-      return token;
+      return null;
     } catch (error) {
       console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to get auth token:', error);
       return null;
@@ -505,6 +475,59 @@ export class AuthService {
     }
   }
 
+  async awaitRefreshIfInProgress(): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (!this.refreshPromise) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      console.debug('[Desktop AuthService] Waiting for in-flight refresh to complete');
+      return await this.refreshPromise;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] In-flight refresh failed while waiting', error);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  isTokenExpiringSoon(token: string, leewaySeconds = 30): boolean {
+    try {
+      const parts = token.split('.');
+      if (parts.length < 2) {
+        console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Token malformed - less than 2 parts');
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      const base64Url = parts[1];
+      const base64 = base64Url
+        .replace(/-/g, '+')
+        .replace(/_/g, '/')
+        .padEnd(Math.ceil(base64Url.length / 4) * 4, '=');
+      const payload = JSON.parse(atob(base64));
+      const expSeconds = typeof payload?.exp === 'number' ? payload.exp : 0;
+
+      if (!expSeconds) {
+        console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Token has no exp claim');
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      const nowSeconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+      const nowWithLeeway = nowSeconds + Math.max(0, leewaySeconds);
+      const timeUntilExpiry = expSeconds - nowSeconds;
+      const isExpiring = expSeconds <= nowWithLeeway;
+
+      console.debug('[Desktop AuthService] Token expiry check:', {
+        expiresIn: timeUntilExpiry + 's',
+        leeway: leewaySeconds + 's',
+        isExpiring
+      });
+
+      return isExpiring;
+    } catch (err) {
+      // If parsing fails, treat token as unsafe/stale and force refresh path.
+      console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Token parsing failed:', err);
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
   async refreshToken(serverUrl: string): Promise<boolean> {
     // Prevent concurrent refresh attempts - reuse in-flight refresh
     if (this.refreshPromise) {
@@ -542,10 +565,20 @@ export class AuthService {
         }
       );
 
-      const { token } = response.data;
+      const token =
+        response.data?.session?.access_token ??
+        response.data?.access_token ??
+        response.data?.token;
+
+      if (!token) {
+        console.error('[Desktop AuthService] Refresh response missing token payload');
+        this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
+        await this.logout();
+        return false;
+      }
 
       // Save token to all storage locations
-      await this.saveTokenEverywhere(token);
+      await this.saveTokenEverywhere(token, undefined, false);
 
       const userInfo = await this.getUserInfo();
       this.setAuthStatus('authenticated', userInfo);
@@ -607,7 +640,7 @@ export class AuthService {
       const { access_token, refresh_token: newRefreshToken } = response.data;
 
       // Save new tokens
-      await this.saveTokenEverywhere(access_token, newRefreshToken);
+      await this.saveTokenEverywhere(access_token, newRefreshToken, false);
 
       const userInfo = await this.getUserInfo();
       this.setAuthStatus('authenticated', userInfo);
@@ -630,16 +663,28 @@ export class AuthService {
     // If we are on the login/setup screen, don't auto-restore a previous session; clear instead
     const path = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? window.location.pathname : '';
     if (path.startsWith('/login') || path.startsWith('/setup')) {
-      console.log('[Desktop AuthService] On login/setup path, clearing any cached auth');
-      // Local clear only; avoid backend logout to prevent noisy errors when already unauthenticated
-      await this.clearTokenEverywhere().catch(() => {});
-      try {
-        await invoke('clear_user_info');
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to clear user info on login/setup init', err);
+      // Check if token exists in storage (user just logged in via web flow)
+      const tokenInStorage = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt') : null;
+      if (tokenInStorage) {
+        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] On login/setup path with token present - skipping validation');
+        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] Login flow will handle authentication state');
+        // Return early to avoid clearing partial state during login completion
+        // The login completion handler (completeSelfHostedSession) will:
+        // 1. Fetch and save user info
+        // 2. Set auth status to authenticated
+        return;
+      } else {
+        console.log('[Desktop AuthService] On login/setup path, clearing any cached auth');
+        // Local clear only; avoid backend logout to prevent noisy errors when already unauthenticated
+        await this.clearTokenEverywhere().catch(() => {});
+        try {
+          await invoke('clear_user_info');
+        } catch (err) {
+          console.warn('[Desktop AuthService] Failed to clear user info on login/setup init', err);
+        }
+        this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
+        return;
       }
-      this.setAuthStatus('unauthenticated', null);
-      return;
     }
 
     const token = await this.getAuthToken();

frontend/src/desktop/services/tauriBackendService.ts

@@ -117,20 +117,15 @@ export class TauriBackendService {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Get auth token from any available source (localStorage or Tauri store)
+   * Get auth token with expiry validation
+   * Delegates to authService which handles caching and expiry checking
    */
   private async getAuthToken(): Promise<string | null> {
-    // Check localStorage first (web layer token)
-    const localStorageToken = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
-    if (localStorageToken) {
-      return localStorageToken;
-    }
-
-    // Fallback to Tauri store
     try {
-      return await invoke<string | null>('get_auth_token');
-    } catch {
-      console.debug('[TauriBackendService] No auth token available');
+      const { authService } = await import('./authService');
+      return await authService.getAuthToken();
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.debug('[TauriBackendService] Failed to get auth token:', error);
       return null;
     }
   }

frontend/src/proprietary/auth/springAuthClient.test.ts

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ describe('SpringAuthClient', () => {
       expect(apiClient.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/v1/auth/me', {
         headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${mockToken}` },
         suppressErrorToast: true,
+        skipAuthRedirect: true,
       });
       expect(result.data.session).toBeTruthy();
       expect(result.data.session?.user).toEqual(mockUser);
@@ -309,14 +310,10 @@ describe('SpringAuthClient', () => {
         },
       } as any);
 
-      const dispatchEventSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'dispatchEvent');
-
       const result = await springAuth.refreshSession();
 
       expect(localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt')).toBe(newToken);
-      expect(dispatchEventSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.objectContaining({ type: 'jwt-available' })
-      );
+      // Note: refreshSession does not dispatch jwt-available event, only notifies listeners
       expect(result.data.session?.access_token).toBe(newToken);
       expect(result.error).toBeNull();
     });

frontend/src/proprietary/auth/springAuthClient.ts

@@ -13,8 +13,29 @@ import { BASE_PATH } from '@app/constants/app';
 import { type OAuthProvider } from '@app/auth/oauthTypes';
 import { resetOAuthState } from '@app/auth/oauthStorage';
 import { clearPlatformAuthAfterSignOut } from '@app/extensions/authSessionCleanup';
+import {
+  getPlatformSessionUser,
+  isDesktopSaaSAuthMode,
+  refreshPlatformSession,
+  savePlatformToken,
+} from '@app/extensions/platformSessionBridge';
 import { startOAuthNavigation } from '@app/extensions/oauthNavigation';
 
+function getHttpStatus(error: unknown): number | undefined {
+  if (error instanceof AxiosError) {
+    return error.response?.status;
+  }
+
+  if (error && typeof error === 'object' && 'response' in error) {
+    const response = (error as { response?: { status?: unknown } }).response;
+    if (response && typeof response.status === 'number') {
+      return response.status;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return undefined;
+}
+
 // Helper to extract error message from axios error
 function getErrorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
   if (error instanceof AxiosError) {
@@ -98,14 +119,100 @@ type AuthChangeCallback = (event: AuthChangeEvent, session: Session | null) => v
 class SpringAuthClient {
   private listeners: AuthChangeCallback[] = [];
   private sessionCheckInterval: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
-  private readonly SESSION_CHECK_INTERVAL = 60000; // 1 minute
-  private readonly TOKEN_REFRESH_THRESHOLD = 300000; // 5 minutes before expiry
+
+  // Adaptive intervals - calculated based on actual JWT token lifetime
+  // Defaults for initial startup (will be recalculated on first token)
+  private sessionCheckIntervalMs = 10000; // 10 seconds default
+  private tokenRefreshThresholdMs = 30000; // 30 seconds default
+
+  private readonly DESKTOP_SAAS_REFRESH_EARLY_SECONDS = 60;
 
   constructor() {
     // Start periodic session validation
     this.startSessionMonitoring();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Calculate optimal check interval and refresh threshold based on token lifetime.
+   * - Check interval: token lifetime / 6 (check 6 times during token life)
+   * - Refresh threshold: token lifetime / 4 (refresh when 25% remaining)
+   * - Applies min/max bounds for sanity
+   */
+  private calculateAdaptiveIntervals(token: string): void {
+    try {
+      const payload = this.decodeJwtPayload(token);
+      if (!payload) {
+        console.warn('[SpringAuth] Cannot decode token for adaptive intervals, using defaults');
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const expSeconds = typeof payload?.exp === 'number' ? payload.exp : 0;
+      const iatSeconds = typeof payload?.iat === 'number' ? payload.iat : 0;
+
+      if (expSeconds <= 0 || iatSeconds <= 0) {
+        console.warn('[SpringAuth] Token missing exp/iat claims, using default intervals');
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const tokenLifetimeMs = (expSeconds - iatSeconds) * 1000;
+
+      // Check interval: check 6 times during token lifetime
+      // Min: 5 seconds (for very short tokens)
+      // Max: 60 seconds (don't check too infrequently)
+      this.sessionCheckIntervalMs = Math.max(5000, Math.min(60000, tokenLifetimeMs / 6));
+
+      // Refresh threshold: refresh when 25% of lifetime remaining
+      // Min: 30 seconds (give buffer for refresh to complete)
+      // Max: 5 minutes (don't wait too long for long-lived tokens)
+      this.tokenRefreshThresholdMs = Math.max(30000, Math.min(300000, tokenLifetimeMs / 4));
+
+      console.log('[SpringAuth] 📊 Adaptive intervals calculated:', {
+        tokenLifetime: Math.floor(tokenLifetimeMs / 1000) + 's',
+        checkInterval: Math.floor(this.sessionCheckIntervalMs / 1000) + 's',
+        refreshThreshold: Math.floor(this.tokenRefreshThresholdMs / 1000) + 's',
+      });
+
+      // Restart monitoring with new interval
+      this.restartSessionMonitoring();
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('[SpringAuth] Failed to calculate adaptive intervals:', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private decodeJwtPayload(token: string): Record<string, unknown> | null {
+    const parts = token.split('.');
+    if (parts.length < 2) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const base64Url = parts[1];
+    const base64 = base64Url
+      .replace(/-/g, '+')
+      .replace(/_/g, '/')
+      .padEnd(Math.ceil(base64Url.length / 4) * 4, '=');
+
+    return JSON.parse(atob(base64));
+  }
+
+  private getTokenExpiry(token: string): { expiresIn: number; expiresAt: number } {
+    try {
+      const payload = this.decodeJwtPayload(token);
+      if (!payload) {
+        throw new Error('Token payload missing');
+      }
+
+      const expSeconds = typeof payload?.exp === 'number' ? payload.exp : 0;
+      const expiresAt = expSeconds > 0 ? expSeconds * 1000 : Date.now() + 3600 * 1000;
+      const expiresIn = Math.max(0, Math.floor((expiresAt - Date.now()) / 1000));
+
+      return { expiresIn, expiresAt };
+    } catch {
+      // Fallback for non-JWT or malformed tokens.
+      const expiresAt = Date.now() + 3600 * 1000;
+      return { expiresIn: 3600, expiresAt };
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Helper to get CSRF token from cookie
    */
@@ -127,13 +234,54 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
   async getSession(): Promise<{ data: { session: Session | null }; error: AuthError | null }> {
     try {
       // Get JWT from localStorage
-      const token = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
+      let token = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
 
       if (!token) {
         // console.debug('[SpringAuth] getSession: No JWT in localStorage');
         return { data: { session: null }, error: null };
       }
 
+      if (await isDesktopSaaSAuthMode()) {
+        let tokenExpiry = this.getTokenExpiry(token);
+        if (tokenExpiry.expiresIn <= this.DESKTOP_SAAS_REFRESH_EARLY_SECONDS) {
+          const refreshed = await refreshPlatformSession();
+          if (!refreshed) {
+            localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
+            return { data: { session: null }, error: null };
+          }
+
+          const refreshedToken = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
+          if (!refreshedToken) {
+            localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
+            return { data: { session: null }, error: null };
+          }
+
+          token = refreshedToken;
+          tokenExpiry = this.getTokenExpiry(token);
+        }
+
+        if (tokenExpiry.expiresIn <= 0) {
+          localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
+          return { data: { session: null }, error: null };
+        }
+
+        const platformUser = await getPlatformSessionUser();
+
+        const session: Session = {
+          user: {
+            id: platformUser?.email || platformUser?.username || 'desktop-saas-user',
+            email: platformUser?.email || '',
+            username: platformUser?.username || platformUser?.email || 'User',
+            role: 'USER',
+          },
+          access_token: token,
+          expires_in: tokenExpiry.expiresIn,
+          expires_at: tokenExpiry.expiresAt,
+        };
+
+        return { data: { session }, error: null };
+      }
+
       // Verify with backend
       // Note: We pass the token explicitly here, overriding the interceptor's default
       // console.debug('[SpringAuth] getSession: Verifying JWT with /api/v1/auth/me');
@@ -142,6 +290,8 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
           'Authorization': `Bearer ${token}`,
         },
         suppressErrorToast: true, // Suppress global error handler (we handle errors locally)
+        // Session bootstrap should not trigger global 401 refresh/redirect loops.
+        skipAuthRedirect: true,
       });
 
       // console.debug('[SpringAuth] /me response status:', response.status);
@@ -149,11 +299,12 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
       // console.debug('[SpringAuth] /me response data:', data);
 
       // Create session object
+      const tokenExpiry = this.getTokenExpiry(token);
       const session: Session = {
         user: data.user,
         access_token: token,
-        expires_in: 3600,
-        expires_at: Date.now() + 3600 * 1000,
+        expires_in: tokenExpiry.expiresIn,
+        expires_at: tokenExpiry.expiresAt,
       };
 
       // console.debug('[SpringAuth] getSession: Session retrieved successfully');
@@ -161,8 +312,15 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
     } catch (error: unknown) {
       console.error('[SpringAuth] getSession error:', error);
 
-      // If 401/403, token is invalid - clear it
-      if (error instanceof AxiosError && (error.response?.status === 401 || error.response?.status === 403)) {
+      // If 401/403, token is invalid - try explicit refresh
+      const status = getHttpStatus(error);
+      if (status === 401 || status === 403) {
+        // A 401 during startup can be a race with a concurrent refresh. Try one
+        // explicit refresh before treating the session as invalid.
+        const refreshResult = await this.refreshSession();
+        if (!refreshResult.error && refreshResult.data.session) {
+          return refreshResult;
+        }
         localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
         console.debug('[SpringAuth] getSession: Not authenticated');
         return { data: { session: null }, error: null };
@@ -201,6 +359,12 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
       localStorage.setItem('stirling_jwt', token);
       // console.log('[SpringAuth] JWT stored in localStorage');
 
+      // Sync token to platform-specific storage (Tauri store for desktop)
+      await savePlatformToken(token);
+
+      // Calculate adaptive monitoring intervals based on token lifetime
+      this.calculateAdaptiveIntervals(token);
+
       // Dispatch custom event for other components to react to JWT availability
       window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('jwt-available'));
 
@@ -382,6 +546,34 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
    */
   async refreshSession(): Promise<{ data: { session: Session | null }; error: AuthError | null }> {
     try {
+      if (await isDesktopSaaSAuthMode()) {
+        const refreshed = await refreshPlatformSession();
+        if (!refreshed) {
+          localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
+          return {
+            data: { session: null },
+            error: { message: 'Token refresh failed - please log in again' },
+          };
+        }
+
+        const { data, error } = await this.getSession();
+        if (error || !data.session) {
+          return {
+            data: { session: null },
+            error: error || { message: 'Token refresh failed - please log in again' },
+          };
+        }
+
+        // Calculate adaptive intervals for desktop SaaS mode
+        const token = localStorage.getItem('stirling_jwt');
+        if (token) {
+          this.calculateAdaptiveIntervals(token);
+        }
+
+        this.notifyListeners('TOKEN_REFRESHED', data.session);
+        return { data, error: null };
+      }
+
       const response = await apiClient.post('/api/v1/auth/refresh', null, {
         headers: {
           'X-XSRF-TOKEN': this.getCsrfToken() || '',
@@ -396,8 +588,11 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
       // Update local storage with new token
       localStorage.setItem('stirling_jwt', token);
 
-      // Dispatch custom event for other components to react to JWT availability
-      window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('jwt-available'));
+      // Sync token to platform-specific storage (Tauri store for desktop)
+      await savePlatformToken(token);
+
+      // Calculate adaptive monitoring intervals based on token lifetime
+      this.calculateAdaptiveIntervals(token);
 
       const session: Session = {
         user: data.user,
@@ -417,7 +612,8 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
       localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
 
       // Handle different error statuses
-      if (error instanceof AxiosError && (error.response?.status === 401 || error.response?.status === 403)) {
+      const status = getHttpStatus(error);
+      if (status === 401 || status === 403) {
         return { data: { session: null }, error: { message: 'Token refresh failed - please log in again' } };
       }
 
@@ -462,27 +658,36 @@ class SpringAuthClient {
 
   private startSessionMonitoring() {
     // Periodically check session validity
-    // Since we use HttpOnly cookies, we just need to check with the server
+    // Interval is adaptive based on token lifetime (calculated when token is received)
     this.sessionCheckInterval = setInterval(async () => {
       try {
         // Try to get current session
         const { data } = await this.getSession();
 
         // If we have a session, proactively refresh if needed
-        // (The server will handle token expiry, but we can be proactive)
         if (data.session) {
           const timeUntilExpiry = (data.session.expires_at || 0) - Date.now();
 
-          // Refresh if token expires soon
-          if (timeUntilExpiry > 0 && timeUntilExpiry < this.TOKEN_REFRESH_THRESHOLD) {
-            // console.log('[SpringAuth] Proactively refreshing token');
+          // Refresh if token expires soon (threshold is adaptive)
+          if (timeUntilExpiry > 0 && timeUntilExpiry < this.tokenRefreshThresholdMs) {
+            console.log('[SpringAuth] 🔄 Proactively refreshing token (expires in ' + Math.floor(timeUntilExpiry / 1000) + 's)');
             await this.refreshSession();
           }
         }
       } catch (error) {
         console.error('[SpringAuth] Session monitoring error:', error);
       }
-    }, this.SESSION_CHECK_INTERVAL);
+    }, this.sessionCheckIntervalMs);
+  }
+
+  private restartSessionMonitoring() {
+    // Stop existing interval
+    if (this.sessionCheckInterval) {
+      clearInterval(this.sessionCheckInterval);
+      this.sessionCheckInterval = null;
+    }
+    // Start with new interval
+    this.startSessionMonitoring();
   }
 
   public destroy() {

frontend/src/proprietary/components/shared/config/configSections/AdminSecuritySection.tsx

@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ interface SecuritySettingsData {
     persistence?: boolean;
     enableKeyRotation?: boolean;
     enableKeyCleanup?: boolean;
-    keyRetentionDays?: number;
+    tokenExpiryMinutes?: number;
+    desktopTokenExpiryMinutes?: number;
+    allowedClockSkewSeconds?: number;
+    refreshGraceMinutes?: number;
     secureCookie?: boolean;
   };
   audit?: {
@@ -131,7 +134,10 @@ export default function AdminSecuritySection() {
         'security.jwt.persistence': securitySettings.jwt?.persistence,
         'security.jwt.enableKeyRotation': securitySettings.jwt?.enableKeyRotation,
         'security.jwt.enableKeyCleanup': securitySettings.jwt?.enableKeyCleanup,
-        'security.jwt.keyRetentionDays': securitySettings.jwt?.keyRetentionDays,
+        'security.jwt.tokenExpiryMinutes': securitySettings.jwt?.tokenExpiryMinutes,
+        'security.jwt.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes': securitySettings.jwt?.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes,
+        'security.jwt.allowedClockSkewSeconds': securitySettings.jwt?.allowedClockSkewSeconds,
+        'security.jwt.refreshGraceMinutes': securitySettings.jwt?.refreshGraceMinutes,
         'security.jwt.secureCookie': securitySettings.jwt?.secureCookie,
         // Premium audit settings
         'premium.enterpriseFeatures.audit.enabled': audit?.enabled,
@@ -382,20 +388,75 @@ export default function AdminSecuritySection() {
             </Group>
           </div>
 
+
           <div>
             <NumberInput
-              name="jwt_keyRetentionDays"
+              name="jwt_tokenExpiryMinutes"
               label={
                 <Group component="span" gap="xs">
-                  <span>{t('admin.settings.security.jwt.keyRetentionDays.label', 'Key Retention Days')}</span>
-                  <PendingBadge show={isFieldPending('jwt.keyRetentionDays')} />
+                  <span>{t('admin.settings.security.jwt.tokenExpiryMinutes.label', 'Web Token Expiry (minutes)')}</span>
+                  <PendingBadge show={isFieldPending('jwt.tokenExpiryMinutes')} />
                 </Group>
               }
-              description={t('admin.settings.security.jwt.keyRetentionDays.description', 'Number of days to retain old JWT keys for verification')}
-              value={settings?.jwt?.keyRetentionDays || 7}
-              onChange={(value) => setSettings({ ...settings, jwt: { ...settings?.jwt, keyRetentionDays: Number(value) } })}
+              description={t('admin.settings.security.jwt.tokenExpiryMinutes.description', 'Access token lifetime in minutes for web clients (default: 1440 = 24 hours)')}
+              value={settings?.jwt?.tokenExpiryMinutes || 1440}
+              onChange={(value) => setSettings({ ...settings, jwt: { ...settings?.jwt, tokenExpiryMinutes: Number(value) } })}
               min={1}
-              max={365}
+              max={43200}
+              disabled={!loginEnabled}
+            />
+          </div>
+
+          <div>
+            <NumberInput
+              name="jwt_desktopTokenExpiryMinutes"
+              label={
+                <Group component="span" gap="xs">
+                  <span>{t('admin.settings.security.jwt.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes.label', 'Desktop Token Expiry (minutes)')}</span>
+                  <PendingBadge show={isFieldPending('jwt.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes')} />
+                </Group>
+              }
+              description={t('admin.settings.security.jwt.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes.description', 'Access token lifetime in minutes for desktop clients. Desktop apps automatically detected via User-Agent and receive longer sessions for better UX (default: 43200 = 30 days)')}
+              value={settings?.jwt?.desktopTokenExpiryMinutes || 43200}
+              onChange={(value) => setSettings({ ...settings, jwt: { ...settings?.jwt, desktopTokenExpiryMinutes: Number(value) } })}
+              min={1}
+              max={525600}
+              disabled={!loginEnabled}
+            />
+          </div>
+
+          <div>
+            <NumberInput
+              name="jwt_allowedClockSkewSeconds"
+              label={
+                <Group component="span" gap="xs">
+                  <span>{t('admin.settings.security.jwt.allowedClockSkewSeconds.label', 'Clock Skew Tolerance (seconds)')}</span>
+                  <PendingBadge show={isFieldPending('jwt.allowedClockSkewSeconds')} />
+                </Group>
+              }
+              description={t('admin.settings.security.jwt.allowedClockSkewSeconds.description', 'Tolerance for client/server time drift during token validation (default: 60 seconds)')}
+              value={settings?.jwt?.allowedClockSkewSeconds ?? 60}
+              onChange={(value) => setSettings({ ...settings, jwt: { ...settings?.jwt, allowedClockSkewSeconds: Number(value) } })}
+              min={0}
+              max={300}
+              disabled={!loginEnabled}
+            />
+          </div>
+
+          <div>
+            <NumberInput
+              name="jwt_refreshGraceMinutes"
+              label={
+                <Group component="span" gap="xs">
+                  <span>{t('admin.settings.security.jwt.refreshGraceMinutes.label', 'Refresh Grace Period (minutes)')}</span>
+                  <PendingBadge show={isFieldPending('jwt.refreshGraceMinutes')} />
+                </Group>
+              }
+              description={t('admin.settings.security.jwt.refreshGraceMinutes.description', 'Allow token refresh within this many minutes after expiry (default: 15 minutes, max 3 attempts)')}
+              value={settings?.jwt?.refreshGraceMinutes ?? 15}
+              onChange={(value) => setSettings({ ...settings, jwt: { ...settings?.jwt, refreshGraceMinutes: Number(value) } })}
+              min={0}
+              max={120}
               disabled={!loginEnabled}
             />
           </div>

frontend/src/proprietary/extensions/platformSessionBridge.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+export interface PlatformSessionUser {
+  username: string;
+  email?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proprietary/web default: no desktop SaaS auth bridge.
+ */
+export async function isDesktopSaaSAuthMode(): Promise<boolean> {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proprietary/web default: no platform user store.
+ */
+export async function getPlatformSessionUser(): Promise<PlatformSessionUser | null> {
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proprietary/web default: no platform refresh path.
+ */
+export async function refreshPlatformSession(): Promise<boolean> {
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Proprietary/web default: no platform-specific token storage (uses localStorage only).
+ */
+export async function savePlatformToken(_token: string): Promise<void> {
+  // Web mode: token already saved to localStorage in springAuthClient
+  // No additional platform storage needed
+}

frontend/src/proprietary/services/apiClientSetup.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-import { AxiosInstance } from 'axios';
+import { AxiosInstance, AxiosError, InternalAxiosRequestConfig } from 'axios';
+
+let isRefreshing = false;
+let failedQueue: Array<{
+  resolve: (token: string) => void;
+  reject: (error: Error) => void;
+}> = [];
 
 function getJwtTokenFromStorage(): string | null {
   try {
@@ -9,6 +15,24 @@ function getJwtTokenFromStorage(): string | null {
   }
 }
 
+function setJwtTokenInStorage(token: string): void {
+  try {
+    localStorage.setItem('stirling_jwt', token);
+    console.debug('[API Client] Stored new JWT token in localStorage');
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[API Client] Failed to store JWT in localStorage:', error);
+  }
+}
+
+function clearJwtTokenFromStorage(): void {
+  try {
+    localStorage.removeItem('stirling_jwt');
+    console.debug('[API Client] Cleared JWT token from localStorage');
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[API Client] Failed to clear JWT from localStorage:', error);
+  }
+}
+
 function getXsrfToken(): string | null {
   try {
     const cookies = document.cookie.split(';');
@@ -25,6 +49,48 @@ function getXsrfToken(): string | null {
   }
 }
 
+function processQueue(error: Error | null, token: string | null = null): void {
+  failedQueue.forEach((prom) => {
+    if (error) {
+      prom.reject(error);
+    } else if (token) {
+      prom.resolve(token);
+    }
+  });
+  failedQueue = [];
+}
+
+async function refreshAuthToken(client: AxiosInstance): Promise<string> {
+  console.log('[API Client] Refreshing expired JWT token...');
+
+  try {
+    const response = await client.post('/api/v1/auth/refresh', {}, {
+      // Don't retry refresh requests to avoid infinite loops
+      headers: { 'X-Skip-Auth-Refresh': 'true' }
+    });
+
+    const newToken = response.data?.session?.access_token;
+    if (!newToken) {
+      throw new Error('No access token in refresh response');
+    }
+
+    setJwtTokenInStorage(newToken);
+    console.log('[API Client] ✅ Token refreshed successfully');
+    return newToken;
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[API Client] ❌ Token refresh failed:', error);
+    clearJwtTokenFromStorage();
+
+    // Redirect to login
+    if (window.location.pathname !== '/login') {
+      console.log('[API Client] Redirecting to login page...');
+      window.location.href = '/login';
+    }
+
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
 export function setupApiInterceptors(client: AxiosInstance): void {
   // Install request interceptor to add JWT token
   client.interceptors.request.use(
@@ -47,4 +113,61 @@ export function setupApiInterceptors(client: AxiosInstance): void {
       return Promise.reject(error);
     }
   );
+
+  // Install response interceptor to handle 401 and auto-refresh token
+  client.interceptors.response.use(
+    (response) => response,
+    async (error: AxiosError) => {
+      const originalRequest = error.config as InternalAxiosRequestConfig & { _retry?: boolean };
+
+      // Skip refresh for auth endpoints or if explicitly disabled
+      // Exception: /auth/me should trigger refresh (used by getSession)
+      if (
+        !originalRequest ||
+        (originalRequest.url?.includes('/api/v1/auth/') && !originalRequest.url?.includes('/api/v1/auth/me')) ||
+        originalRequest.headers?.['X-Skip-Auth-Refresh'] ||
+        originalRequest._retry
+      ) {
+        return Promise.reject(error);
+      }
+
+      // Handle 401 errors by attempting token refresh
+      if (error.response?.status === 401 && getJwtTokenFromStorage()) {
+        console.warn('[API Client] Received 401 error, attempting token refresh...');
+
+        if (isRefreshing) {
+          // Already refreshing - queue this request
+          return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+            failedQueue.push({ resolve, reject });
+          })
+            .then((token) => {
+              originalRequest.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${token}`;
+              return client(originalRequest);
+            })
+            .catch((err) => {
+              return Promise.reject(err);
+            });
+        }
+
+        originalRequest._retry = true;
+        isRefreshing = true;
+
+        try {
+          const newToken = await refreshAuthToken(client);
+          processQueue(null, newToken);
+
+          // Retry original request with new token
+          originalRequest.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${newToken}`;
+          return client(originalRequest);
+        } catch (refreshError) {
+          processQueue(refreshError as Error, null);
+          return Promise.reject(refreshError);
+        } finally {
+          isRefreshing = false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return Promise.reject(error);
+    }
+  );
 }

frontend/src/proprietary/testing/serverExperienceSimulations.ts

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const FREE_LICENSE_INFO: LicenseInfo = {
 
 const BASE_NO_LOGIN_CONFIG: AppConfig = {
   enableAnalytics: true,
-  appVersion: '2.4.6',
+  appVersion: '2.5.0',
   serverCertificateEnabled: false,
   enableAlphaFunctionality: false,
   enableDesktopInstallSlide: true,

testing/allEndpointsRemovedSettings.yml

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ security:
     persistence: true # Set to 'true' to enable JWT key store
     enableKeyRotation: true # Set to 'true' to enable key pair rotation
     enableKeyCleanup: true # Set to 'true' to enable key pair cleanup
-    keyRetentionDays: 7 # Number of days to retain old keys. The default is 7 days.
   validation: # PDF signature validation settings
     trust:
       serverAsAnchor: true # Trust server certificate as anchor for PDF signatures (if configured and self-signed or CA)